APWH: Modern, Unit 5 Test

What do we call people who are members of a nation that recognizes popular sovereignty?

• Citizens
• Laborers
• Serfs
• Subjects

In this era, what was an important difference between popular sovereignty and equal rights?

• Sovereignty was great for the people who qualified, but women, enslaved people, and most non-white people did not.
• Sovereignty was a form of government while equal rights is a more general ideal that people should not be oppressed by those more powerful than them.
• Equal rights mostly pertained to separate groups of people, while sovereignty promised freedom for everyone.
• Politically, they mean the same thing, but because sovereign can also mean “supreme ruler” the term has fallen out of use.

Under colonialism during the Long Nineteenth Century, why were indigenous children in Canada, Australia, and the United states often forced to attend boarding schools?

• Colonizers wanted to change what they saw was the problematic behavior of indigenous people.
• These children were perceived as needing protection from their families, who were viewed as neglectful and sometimes abusive.
• White, European colonists wanted their children to share the classroom with indigenous children give the appearance of diversity and acceptance.
• Most indigenous adults were killed when the colonists took over, making boarding schools the safest and most practical solution.

What is the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

• The Scientific Revolution was earlier, and the big questions it asked led to even broader philosophical debates that started the Enlightenment.
• In the early twentieth century, long after Enlightenment ideas took hold, science became accepted as a legitimate academic subject.
• They are two opposing schools of thought on what makes the natural world function the way it does, and the tension between them continues to this day.
• The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution are two names for the same thing social, political, and academic movement.

How did the movement known as The Enlightenment get its name?

• Thinkers and writers were shining “light” on topics that hadn’t been examined before.
• The name came much later than that actual movement, during the “Age of Reason”, when a new generation of philosophers put names to past movements.
• Heavy, burdensome systems of government were finally being challenged made “light” by new ways of thinking.
• The earlier Scientific revolution resulted in technology that could produce artificial light.

In what way did The Enlightenment lead to calls for the abolition of slavery?

• Some Enlightenment thinkers emphasized our shared humanity and rights, which led to pro-abolitionist thinking.
• Enlightenment ideals promoted the notion that all people were essentially equal, regardless of wealth, gender and race.
• Enlightenment philosophers were largely in favor slavery, and this produced a backlash that motivate abolitionists to counter their ideas.
• The Enlightenment philosophers were unanimously opposed to slavery, and as the movement gained traction, so did abolitionism.

Why was the publication of Diderot’s Encyclopedia so controversial at the time?

• It included the notion that all people have the right to question authority, including the authorities of the king and of the church.
• It collaborated with monarchies and other rulers to explicitly support the state.
• Much of the work it included was written by female scholars, and the patriarchal ruling classes saw educated women as a threat.
• It contradicted many Enlightenment philosophies and created opposing intellectual factions.

Which term would most likely be used to explain what sovereignty is?

• Self-governance
• Popular monarchy
• Working class
• Enlightenment

Why do some historians say the Seven Years’ War (England against France, 1756-1763) helped cause both the French and American revolutions?

• England and France were both financially crippled by the Seven Years’ War, so they were vulnerable to rebellion by the people they ruled over.
• After such a long, global war, some historians argue that a “war mentality” pervaded the French and American colonial populations, and rebellion became more appealing than it had ever been.
• New weapons technologies, especially advanced firearms, proved very effective in the Seven Years War, and that emboldened revolutionaries to organize their own armies.
• At the end of the Seven Years’ War, both nations came out ahead financially – but that made the poorer classes in both places even angrier that they were not being given a fair share.

In addition to rising taxes and the spread of enlightenment ideas, what happened in 1788 that contributed strongly to starting the French Revolution?

• The year saw a bad harvest, and the shortage of bread made many people hungry, then angry, then rebellious.
• It was the year Isaac Newton’s “Principia” was published, which changed how people thought about “natural law”.
• Olympe de Gouges published “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”, encouraging many women to fight for better rights.
• It was the year King Louis XVI moved to Paris, which the bourgeoise saw as a sign that the monarchy did not care about the people.