HCP 101 CLO 4 Mastery Review

During a biology class, Luna asked her teacher about a condition that affects both the nerves and muscles. Which of the following terms best describes this disorder?

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• Tendonitis

• Emphysema

• Metrorrhagia

Answer explanation

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a rapidly progressive, invariably fatal neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells (neurons) responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.

Mia was playing soccer when she fell and her bone punctured through the skin. What type of fracture is this?

• Closed/Transverse

• Open/Comminuted

• Open/Compound

• Closed/Stable

Answer explanation

If the bone breaks in such a way that bone fragments stick out through the skin or a wound penetrates down to the broken bone, the fracture is called an open or compound fracture.

What type of burn affects both the epidermis and the dermis and usually forms blisters?

• Fourth degree

• First degree

• Third degree

• Second degree

Answer explanation

There are three primary types of burns: first-, second-, and third-degree. Each degree is based on the severity of damage to the skin, with first-degree being the most minor and third-degree being the most severe. First-degree burns: red, nonblistered skin; second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin; third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance.

The most common type of fracture associated with children is called a _____.

• simple fracture

• compound fracture

• greenstick fracture

• spiral fracture

Answer explanation

A greenstick fracture occurs when a bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces. The fracture looks similar to what happens when you try to break a small, "green" branch on a tree. Most greenstick fractures occur in children younger than 10 years of age.

Match the following spine conditions with their descriptions.

• An excessive outward curve of the spine, resulting in a hunchback appearance.

• scoliosis

• A sideways curvature of the spine.

• kyphosis

• A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.

• lordosis

• An abnormal curving of the spine that is also known as swayback.

• osteoporosis

Answer explanation

Lordosis is an increased inward curving of the lumbar spine (just above the buttocks). The spine has three types of curves: lordotic, kyphotic (the outward curve of the thoracic spine at rib-level), and scoliotic (sideways curving).

What type of skin lesion causes an itchy and temporarily elevated area with an irregular shape formed as a result of localized skin edema?

• wheal or hives

• papule

• vesicle

• pustule

Answer explanation

 Skin lesions include the macule, papule, patch, plaque, vesicle, bulla, nodule, tumor, wheal, and pustule. Wheals reflect circumscribed dermal edema (fluid collection in the layer of skin below the surface). A wheal is also sometimes called a welt and often a hive.

Kai, a medical student, is studying diseases that affect the central nervous system. He learns about a disease characterized by a decrease in myelin in the central nervous system. This disease is____

• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

• Alzheimer's Disease

• Meningitis

• Epilepsy

Which of the following best describes the condition called edema?

• Lymphadenitis

• An excessive lymphocyte count

• hematoma

• A collection of blood in interstitial space

• edema

• A bacterial infection of the nodes

• Lymphocytosis

• Swelling of tissues with fluid

When the eyeball has an abnormal curvature (think like a football), what is this called?

• ectropion

• astigmatism

• nystagmus

• entropion