Which of the following is a type of quantitative research that involves manipulating independent variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

• Descriptive Research

• Comparative Research

• Correlational Research

• Experimental Research

Answer explanation

Experimental research involves manipulating independent variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Which type of experimental research involves manipulating variables and using random assignment to groups?

• Pre-experimental Research

• True-experimental Research

• Quasi-experimental Research

• Single-subject Research

Answer explanation

True-experimental research involves manipulating variables and using random assignment to groups.

What type of quasi-experimental research involves the repeated measurement of a dependent variable over time to analyze changes?

• Single-subject Research

• Time-series Research

• Matched-comparative-group Research

• Pre-experimental Research

Answer explanation

Time-series research involves the repeated measurement of a dependent variable over time to analyze changes.

What type of non-experimental research examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulation?

• Comparative Research

• Descriptive Research

• Correlational Research

• Quasi-experimental Research

Answer explanation

Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulation.

Which type of quantitative research involves studying a single individual or subject intensively over time?

• Single-subject Research

• Time-series Research

• Matched-comparative-group Research

• Correlational Research

Answer explanation

Single-subject research involves studying a single individual or subject intensively over time.

What is an independent variable in research?

• The variable being tested and measured.

• The variable that explains the relationship between two other variables.

• The variable that is systematically manipulated and assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.

• The variable that moderates the relationship between two other variables.

Answer explanation

The independent variable is the one that is manipulated and assumed to cause an effect on the dependent variable.

What type of variable affects the strength and direction of a relationship between other variables?

• Independent variable

• Dependent variable

• Mediating variable

• Moderating variable

Answer explanation

A moderating variable affects the strength and direction of a relationship between other variables.

Which variable is part of the causal pathway of an effect in research?

• Independent variable

• Dependent variable

• Mediating variable

• Moderating variable

Answer explanation

A mediating variable is part of the causal pathway of an effect and explains how the effect occurs.

What does a dependent variable do in an experiment?

• It systematically manipulates the independent variable.

• It receives the effect caused by the independent variable.

• It explains the process through which two variables are related.

• It affects the strength and direction of a relationship between variables.

Answer explanation

The dependent variable is the one that receives the effect caused by the independent variable in an experiment.

In a study investigating the impact of a new medication on the blood pressure of patients with hypertension, what is the independent variable and the dependent variable, respectively?

• Independent variable: Patients with hypertension; Dependent variable: Blood pressure

• Independent variable: Treatment group (low-dose, high-dose, placebo); Dependent variable: Medication effectiveness

• Independent variable: Blood pressure; Dependent variable: Treatment group (low-dose, high-dose, placebo)

• Independent variable: Medication effectiveness; Dependent variable: Patients with hypertension

Answer explanation

Independent variable: Treatment group (low-dose, high-dose, placebo);

Dependent variable: Medication effectiveness