Assessment: Chapter 2—“Expansion of Empires, War, and Reform”

Use the map to answer the question. Which statement explains the changes after Muhammad’s death shown in the map?

• a) A civil war led to a split in Islam.
• b) A period of peace increased trade.
• c) The first four caliphs spread Islam through conquest.
• d) The first four caliphs developed a policy of religious tolerance.

Why are Muslims required to make a pilgrimage during their lifetime?

• a) to show their devotion to Allah
• b) to commemorate Muhammad’s conquests
• c) to show their respect for Islamic communities
• d) to commemorate Muhammad’s last trip to Mecca

How did Muslim scholars contribute to the field of mathematics?

• a) They developed algebra.
• b) They developed geometry.
• c) They invented the abacus.
• d) They invented written numbers.

Why was the method of transportation shown in the image challenging for traders?

• a) It required them to travel across the desert.
• b) It opened them up to attacks and warfare.
• c) It cost large amounts of time and money.
• d) It resulted in the spread of disease.

Which feature of Islamic art is shown in the picture?

• a) tall ceilings
• b) use of one color
• c) images of animals
• d) geometric patterns

Based on the map, which is a difference between the First and Third Crusades?

• a) Unlike the First Crusade, crusaders on the Third Crusade mostly traveled by water to the Holy Land.
• b) Unlike the First Crusade, crusaders on the Third Crusade built a kingdom in Jerusalem.
• c) Unlike the First Crusade, crusaders on the Third Crusade passed through Rome.
• d) Unlike the First Crusade, crusaders on the Third Crusade fought in Edessa.

Why did Alexius I ask Pope Urban II for help?

• a) Peace in Palestine and Jerusalem depended on the presence of knights.
• b) Trade controlled by the Muslim Turks raised prices for the Byzantines.
• c) Conquests by the Muslim Turks made travel to the Holy Land difficult.
• d) War in the Holy Land threatened to spread into the Byzantine Empire.

What were some effects of the Crusades? Select the three correct answers.

• a) The pope became a religious and secular leader.
• b) Trade between Europe and the Muslim world grew.
• e) Jewish people were killed for their beliefs.
• c) Trust between Christians and Muslims improved.
• d) Christians regained control of the Holy Land.

Why did barons and merchants force King John to sign the Magna Carta?

• a) He released many prisoners.
• b) He raised taxes to pay for a war.
• c) He lost lands to the Spanish king.
• d) He prevented towns from having fairs.

Use the following passage from the Magna Carta, written in 1215 CE, to answer the question. “(9) Officials will not take land or rent as payment for a debt, as long as the debtor, or person who owes the debt, has enough belongings to cover the debt. The people who take legal responsibility for the debtor will not be confronted for debt payment as long as the debtor is able to pay the debt. If the debtor cannot pay the debt, the people who take legal responsibility for the debtor will be confronted for payment. If the person taking legal responsibility for the debtor wishes, he or she may take over the lands of the debtor until the debt is paid, unless the debtor can show that the debt has been paid.” Why is this document considered important?

• a) It freed serfs from their lords.
• b) It increased the power of guilds.
• c) It ended conflict between European countries.
• d) It made the king accountable to the laws of England.