Immune System hhmi

Both the skin and the mucus lining on the inside of the nose are considered parts of the immune system. This is because they:

• act as barriers, preventing pathogens from entering the body

• allow only harmless microbes to enter the body

• are composed of dead cells that act as a chemical barrier

• produce many types of immune cells

Children with sickle cell disease produce abnormal red blood cells that can cause pain and other serious complications. They can be given bone marrow from a healthy individual to treat their symptoms. Which of the following cells from healthy bone marrow would be most important for treating sickle cell disease?

• lymphoid progenitor cells

• phagocytes

• B and T cells

• blood stem cells

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints, typically in the hands and feet. This disease is due to cells in these joints being attacked by the immune system. Which of the following is most likely to make the immune system attack the body's cells?

• The presence of T cells that lack TCR proteins

• The absence of any T cells in the body

• the presence of T cells that do not recognize antigens

• the presence of T cells that recognize self-antigens

Humans have two types of circulatory systems: the cardiovascular system, which circulates blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. Which of the following statements most accurately compares the two systems?

• both systems contain red blood cells and immune cells.

• The lymphatic system contains red blood cells, but the cardiovascular system does not.

• The lymphatic system contains immune cells, and the cardiovascular system contains both red blood cells and immune cells

• The lymphatic system is located in the upper body, and the cardiovascular system runs throughout the body.

The tonsils are another lymphoid organ that is often removed by surgery. One study found that children who had their tonsils removed were three times more likely to have asthma and upper respiratory diseases as adults than those who did not have their tonsils removed. Among the following options, the best explanation for this increased risk is that tonsils:

• collect damaged cells from the blood

• attack pathogens in the gut

• trap and destroy inhaled pathogens

• absorb red blood cells that leak out of the blood vessels

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During some infections, the immune system may produce an excessive number of cytokines. This is called a "cytokine storm" and can result in extensive tissue and organ damage, and even death. Which of the following descriptions of cytokines is the most accurate?

• Chemicals that recruit immune cells to the site of infection

• cells that cause inflammation

• cells that perform phagocytosis

• side effects of the immune response that do not perform a beneficial function

What is a microbiome?

• Cluster of viruses
• Growth of fungi
• The community of microbes that include fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.

• Group of bacteria

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What is the immune response?

• The immune response is the body's process of breaking down food.
• The immune response is the body's way of regulating homeostasis.

• The immune response is the body's reaction to stress.
• The immune response is the processes that the immune system uses to fight pathogens.

What is apoptosis?

• Cell differentiation
• Cell division
• Uncontrolled cell growth
• Process by which a cell destroys itself

What is an antigen-presenting cell?

• An antigen-presenting cell is a type of immune cell that displays antigens on its surface to activate other immune cells.
• An antigen-presenting cell is a type of red blood cell.
• An antigen-presenting cell is a type of muscle cell.
• An antigen-presenting cell is a type of nerve cell.