Refuting Arguments

What is the refutation process?

• Denying the validity of an argument

• Agreeing with the argument

• Ignoring the argument

• Presenting a counterargument

Why is it important to critically evaluate arguments?

• To strengthen the arguments

• To identify weaknesses in the arguments

• To avoid arguments altogether

• To confuse the opponent

What are the four steps involved in the refutation process?

• Listening, evaluating, responding, presenting

• Denying, mitigating, considering, presenting

• Listening, evaluating, formulating, presenting

• Agreeing, ignoring, preparing, presenting

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

• Hearing is passive, while listening is active

• Hearing requires concentration, while listening does not

• Hearing is selective, while listening is comprehensive

• Hearing is internal, while listening is external

What are some factors that can affect listening?

• Selective exposure, distortion, intrapersonal argument

• Externalities, internalities, ambiguity

• Ad populum, ad hominem, appeal to pity

• Fallacy of composition, fallacy of division, fallacy of false dichotomy

What is the fallacy of ad populum?

• Appealing to the people

• Attacking the person

• Appealing to pity

• Shifting the burden of proof

What is the fallacy of ad hominem?

• Appealing to the people

• Attacking the person

• Appealing to pity

• Shifting the burden of proof

What is the fallacy of slippery slope?

• Appealing to the people

• Attacking the person

• Appealing to pity

• Predicting an undesirable outcome

What is the tactic of refutation by denial?

• Proving the advocate's conclusions are erroneous

• Minimizing the impact of the advocacy

• Presenting additional considerations

• Turning the tables on the advocate

What is the tactic of turning the tables?

• Proving the advocate's conclusions are erroneous

• Minimizing the impact of the advocacy

• Presenting additional considerations

• Turning the negative into a positive