What does the Behavioral Perspective emphasize in determining a student's motivation?

• Internal beliefs and values

• External rewards and punishment

• Creativity and self-expression

• Intrinsic motivation and passion

Why do advocates of incentives in education emphasize their use?

• To make learning more difficult

• To create a sense of competition among students

• To direct attention toward appropriate behavior

• To increase the number of rules in the classroom

What does the Humanistic Perspective emphasize in students?

• Conformity to societal norms

• Capacity for personal growth

• Obedience to authority figures

• Fixed personality traits

According to the Humanistic Perspective, what does Abraham Maslow believe is necessary for personal growth and satisfaction of higher needs?

• Strict discipline and control

• Meeting certain basic needs

• Limiting individual choices

• Competition with peers

What concept is closely associated with the Humanistic Perspective, particularly in Abraham Maslow's theory?

• Operant conditioning

• Hierarchy of learning objectives

• Hierarchy of needs

• Behaviorism

Answer explanation

The Humanistic Perspective, particularly in Abraham Maslow's theory, is closely associated with the concept of Hierarchy of needs. This theory suggests that individuals have a set of needs that must be fulfilled in a hierarchical order, starting from basic physiological needs to higher-level needs such as self-actualization. The concept of Hierarchy of needs emphasizes the importance of fulfilling these needs to achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment. This concept is a key aspect of the Humanistic Perspective and is central to Maslow's theory.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is the correct sequence in which individuals' needs must be satisfied, from the lowest to the highest level?

• Self-esteem, love and belonging, safety, physiological

• Physiological, safety, self-esteem, love and belonging

• Safety, love and belonging, physiological, self-esteem

• Physiological, love and belonging, self-esteem, safety

Answer explanation

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals' needs must be satisfied in a specific sequence. The correct sequence, from the lowest to the highest level, is physiological, safety, self-esteem, and love and belonging. This means that individuals first need to fulfill their basic physiological needs, such as food and shelter, before moving on to safety needs, such as personal security. Once these needs are met, individuals can focus on developing self-esteem and a sense of belonging. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Physiological, safety, self-esteem, love and belonging'.

According to the Humanistic Perspective and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the significance of satisfying lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs?

• It is not necessary; needs can be satisfied in any sequence.

• It ensures the development of a strong sense of competition.

• It promotes personal growth and self-actualization.

• It discourages individual choice and freedom.

Answer explanation

Satisfying lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs is significant according to the Humanistic Perspective and Maslow's hierarchy of needs because it promotes personal growth and self-actualization. By fulfilling basic physiological and safety needs first, individuals can focus on higher-level needs such as love, esteem, and self-actualization. This approach allows individuals to develop a strong sense of self and pursue their full potential. It encourages personal growth and fulfillment, leading to a more meaningful and satisfying life.

What is the central idea of the Cognitive Perspective in education?

• Motivation is solely driven by external rewards and punishment.

• Students' thoughts and cognitions guide their motivation.

• Students are primarily motivated by their peers.

• The environment has no influence on student motivation.

Answer explanation

The Cognitive Perspective in education suggests that students' thoughts and cognitions guide their motivation. This means that students' internal thinking processes play a crucial role in determining their level of motivation. The environment and external rewards or punishment may have some influence, but the primary driving force behind motivation is the students' own thoughts and cognitions. This perspective recognizes the importance of understanding and addressing students' internal mental processes to enhance their motivation and learning outcomes.

According to the Cognitive Perspective, what aspects of students' thinking are particularly important in guiding their motivation?

• Their physical abilities and talents

• Their compliance with authority figures

• Their attributions and goal-setting

• Their extracurricular activities

Answer explanation

According to the Cognitive Perspective, students' attributions and goal-setting are particularly important in guiding their motivation. This means that how students explain their successes and failures, as well as the goals they set for themselves, play a crucial role in their motivation. By understanding the reasons behind their achievements and failures, students can adjust their goals and strive for improvement. This understanding helps them stay motivated and focused on their academic pursuits.

How does the Cognitive Perspective differ from the Behavioral Perspective regarding motivation?

• It emphasizes the importance of external incentives.

• It suggests that external influences should be increased.

• It argues that external influences should be reduced.

• It believes motivation is solely determined by genetic factors.

Answer explanation

The Cognitive Perspective differs from the Behavioral Perspective regarding motivation by arguing that external influences should be reduced. It emphasizes the importance of internal factors and beliefs rather than relying on external incentives. This perspective suggests that motivation is not solely determined by genetic factors, but rather influenced by cognitive processes. The answer choice 'It argues that external influences should be reduced.' aligns with the Cognitive Perspective's viewpoint on motivation.