Unit 4 Quiz

Bobby is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet’s reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of

• generalization

• latent learning

• spontaneous recovery

• shaping

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?

• Fixed-interval

• Fixed-ratio

• Variable-interval

• Continuous

A mental image of a spatial layout is called

• a mental set

• an algorithm

• insight

• a cognitive map

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

• afferent neurons

• mirror neurons

• motor neurons

• Schwann cells

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

• The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli.

• The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS.

• The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength.

• The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was:

• an unconditioned stimulus only

• a conditioned response only

• both an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus

• both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called

• conceptualization learning

• social learning

• latent learning

• insight learning

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was:

• B. F. Skinner

• Ivan Pavlov

• Albert Bandura

• Edward Tolman

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

• Any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful.

• Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.

• Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers.

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

• outcomes

• effect

• punishment

• reward