Stages of Literacy Development

What is the emphasis of a developmental approach to literacy?

• Observing how learners mature over time

• Focusing on the long journey of acquiring skills

• Supporting learners to develop foundational skills

• Preparing learners for a democratic society

According to Chall's stages of reading development, at what stage does a child pretend to read and develop the skills to retell stories?

• Stage 0 (pre-reading)

• Stage 1 (initial reading, writing and decoding)

• Stage 2 (confirmation and fluency)

• Stage 3 (reading to learn the new)

What is the main aim of Stage 1 (initial reading, writing and decoding)?

• Developing phonological awareness

• Increasing fluency in reading

• Learning new ideas and gaining knowledge

• Consolidating basic decoding elements

In Stage 2 (confirmation and fluency), what should adults do to help students improve their reading fluency?

• Model fluent reading and ask students to read aloud

• Teach specific comprehension strategies

• Encourage the use of dictionaries and thesauruses

• Balance consolidating constrained skills with exploring topics

At what age range does Stage 3 (reading to learn the new) typically occur?

• 6 months to 6 years old

• 6 to 7 years old

• 7 to 8 years old

• 9 to 13 years old

What should adults teach in Stage 3 to help students improve their comprehension?

• Phonological awareness and letter-sound knowledge

• Comprehension monitoring and summarizing

• Repeated and monitored oral reading

• Balancing constrained skills with exploring topics

What is the purpose of Stage 3 (reading to learn the new)?

• To develop foundational skills

• To consolidate basic decoding elements

• To learn new ideas and gain knowledge

• To improve reading fluency

What is the age range for Stage 0 (pre-reading)?

• 6 months to 6 years old

• 6 to 7 years old

• 7 to 8 years old

• 9 to 13 years old

What should adults do in Stage 1 to encourage beginning writing?

• Teach specific comprehension strategies

• Model fluent reading and ask students to read aloud

• Encourage the use of dictionaries and thesauruses

• Use invented spellings and assisted performance

What is the main aim of Stage 2 (confirmation and fluency)?

• Developing phonological awareness

• Increasing fluency in reading

• Learning new ideas and gaining knowledge

• Consolidating basic decoding elements