What is a dihybrid cross?

A dihybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that differ in two traits.

A dihybrid cross is a type of flower

A dihybrid cross is a type of exercise in a gym

A dihybrid cross is a type of pastry

What are some autosomal recessive disorders?

Some autosomal recessive disorders include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria, and Tay-Sachs disease.

What are some autosomal dominant disorders?

Some autosomal dominant disorders include Huntington's disease, Marfan syndrome, and neurofibromatosis.

Cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome

Sickle cell anemia, Color blindness, and Hemophilia

Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple sclerosis

Codominance is a genetic scenario where two different alleles for a gene are both expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits.

Codominance is a genetic scenario where two different alleles for a gene are not expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits.

Codominance is a genetic scenario where two different alleles for a gene are both expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows only one trait.

Codominance is a genetic scenario where only one allele for a gene is expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits.

What is incomplete dominance?

Incomplete dominance is a genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype that is a blend of the two alleles.

Incomplete dominance is when one allele completely dominates another allele

Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is identical to one of the parent phenotypes

Incomplete dominance only occurs in non-genetic traits

Incomplete Penetrance.

Incomplete penetrance refers to a genetic trait that does not always manifest in individuals who have the gene for it.

Incomplete penetrance refers to a genetic trait that only manifests in individuals who do not have the gene for it.

Incomplete penetrance refers to a genetic trait that always manifests in individuals who have the gene for it.

Incomplete penetrance refers to a genetic trait that is not influenced by environmental factors.

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon where a single gene has multiple effects on an organism's phenotype.

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon where a single gene has no effect on an organism's phenotype.

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon where a single gene only has one effect on an organism's phenotype.

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon where a single gene affects the genotype of an organism.

Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, and this trait appears to be recessive. Many plants also self-pollinate. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it and harvest seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of these seeds when they germinate?

About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green.

About one-half will be green and one-half white.

All will be white and lack chlorophyll.

All will be green with chlorophyll.

About one-fourth will be green and three-fourths white.

Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 50% chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent,

no matter what the first child's phenotype, the next child will have a 1/4 chance of being phenotypically recessive.

if the first child is phenotypically recessive, then the next child must be phenotypically dominant.

if the first child is phenotypically recessive, then the next child has a 1/2 chance of being phenotypically recessive.

if the first child is phenotypically recessive, then the next child has a 3/4 chance of being phenotypically recessive.

If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the first parent?

The answer cannot be determined from this information.

As many as 60% of people in malaria-infected regions of Africa have the sickle-cell allele, but only about 10% of the U.S. population of African ancestry carries the allele. Malaria remains a major disease in central Africa but has not been a serious problem in the U.S. for many generations. What is/are the reason(s) for the difference in the percentages and what is a reasonable statement about future percentages?

All of the choices are reasonable.

The presence of malaria in Africa maintains the advantage of the heterozygous sickle-cell trait, and the prevalence of malaria will likely continue to preserve the 60% rate.

The U.S. percentage may have always been somewhat lower due to immigration from nonmalaria regions, but changes in sites and rates of immigration could occur.

Lack of widespread malaria in the United States would have resulted in both homozygous and heterozygous carriers of sickle cell undergoing several generations of negative selection. We should expect this to continue unless innovative therapies give all individuals an equal chance of surviving and reproducing.

Women with an X-linked disorder could pass the genes for the disorder to _____, and men with an X-linked disorder could pass the genes for the disorder to _____.

both their daughters and sons; only their daughters

both their daughters and sons; only their sons

only their daughters; only their daughters

both their daughters and sons; their daughters and sons

If a woman is a carrier for the color blind recessive allele and her husband is normal, what are their chances that their son will be color blind?

50% since the mother is a carrier.

None since the father is normal.

100% because the mother is a carrier.

None since he will be a carrier like his mother.

State where translation takes place. Explain what takes place during translation.

Translation takes place in the ribosomes of a cell. During translation, the cell uses the information from messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce proteins by linking amino acids together in a specific order.

Translation takes place in the mitochondria of a cell. During translation, the cell uses the information from DNA to produce proteins by linking nucleotides together in a specific order.

Translation takes place in the Golgi apparatus of a cell. During translation, the cell uses the information from transfer RNA (tRNA) to produce lipids by linking fatty acids together in a specific order.

Translation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell. During translation, the cell uses the information from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to produce carbohydrates by linking glucose molecules together in a specific order.

Translate a piece of mRNA.

The process of translating mRNA involves reading the codons and matching them with the corresponding amino acids to form a protein sequence.

Translating mRNA involves converting it into DNA

Translating mRNA results in the formation of a new mRNA molecule

Translating mRNA is the process of transcribing it into tRNA

In pea plants, the gene for round seeds (R) is dominant, and wrinkled seeds (r) is recessive. The endosperm of the pea is also either starchy, a dominant gene (S), or waxy (s). What can be said of a fully heterozygous, dihybrid cross?

All of these choices are possible combinations in a dihybrid cross.

Some offspring could be homozygous for both dominant genes.

Some offspring could be homozygous for both recessive genes.

Some offspring could be homozygous for one dominant gene such as round seed and homozygous recessive for the other recessive waxy gene.

Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his research?

All of these were important characteristics in Mendel's selection.

Pea plants have a short generation time.

Pea plants are self-pollinating but can be cross-fertilized easily.

Many true-breeding varieties were available.

DNA must be able to...

Store information, be replicated, and undergo rare changes called mutations.

State what the X-ray diffraction pattern reveals about the structure of DNA.

X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that DNA has a helical structure with a repeating pattern, indicating a double helix shape.

X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that DNA has a square structure with no repeating pattern.

X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that DNA has a linear structure with no specific shape.

X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that DNA has a spherical structure with random patterns.

Name the two men whom won a Nobel Prize in 1962 for constructing a model of DNA.

Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell

Marie Curie and Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton

Describe the double helix formation of a DNA molecule.

The double helix formation of a DNA molecule refers to the twisted ladder structure formed by two strands of nucleotides, with the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and the nitrogenous bases paired in the center. The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine).

The double helix formation of a DNA molecule is a circular shape

The double helix formation of a DNA molecule is a straight line structure with no twists

The double helix formation of a DNA molecule is a zigzag pattern

Explain why the two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are described as antiparallel. Explain why it is important.

The two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel because they run in opposite directions, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other running 3' to 5'. This is important for the process of DNA replication and protein synthesis.

The two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are not antiparallel, they run in the same direction, with both strands running 3' to 5'. This has no impact on the structure or function of DNA.

The two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel because they run in opposite directions, but this has no significant importance in DNA replication or protein synthesis.

The two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel because they run in the same direction, with both strands running 5' to 3'. This is important for maintaining the stability of the DNA molecule.

State the complementary base pairing rule.

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

Adenine pairs with Guanine, and Thymine pairs with Cytosine.

Adenine pairs with Cytosine, and Guanine pairs with Thymine.

Thymine pairs with Adenine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

Define template. Explain how a template is utilized in DNA replication.

A template is a strand of DNA that serves as a guide for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. In DNA replication, the template strand is used by DNA polymerase to create a new strand by adding complementary nucleotides.

A template is a type of paper used for crafting

A template is a type of computer software used for editing photos

A template is a type of musical instrument used for creating melodies

Explain why DNA replication is described as being semiconservative.

DNA replication is described as semiconservative because each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand, conserving half of the original DNA in each new molecule.

DNA replication is described as semiconservative because each new DNA molecule contains only newly synthesized strands.

DNA replication is described as semiconservative because it conserves the entire original DNA in each new molecule.

DNA replication is described as semiconservative because each new DNA molecule contains two original strands.

List and describe the 3 steps of DNA replication.

The 3 steps of DNA replication are: 1. Initiation - where the DNA unwinds and the replication fork is formed. 2. Elongation - where new DNA strands are synthesized by DNA polymerase. 3. Termination - where the replication is completed and the new DNA molecules are formed.

1. Denaturation - where DNA is repaired

2. Transcription - where RNA is synthesized

3. Translation - where proteins are formed

Identify when DNA replication would need to take place.

During cell division or when new cells are being formed

Describe the structure of RNA.

RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

RNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides

The sugar in RNA is ribose and the nitrogenous bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Identify how RNA differs from DNA.

RNA differs from DNA in that it uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, and it contains the base uracil instead of thymine.

RNA is double-stranded while DNA is single-stranded.

RNA and DNA are identical in structure and function.

RNA uses the sugar deoxyribose instead of ribose, and it contains the base thymine instead of uracil.

Explain what takes place during transcription.

During transcription, the DNA sequence is used as a template to create a complementary RNA strand.

During transcription, the RNA sequence is used as a template to create a complementary DNA strand.

During transcription, the DNA sequence is used to create a complementary DNA strand.

During transcription, the RNA sequence is used to create a complementary protein strand.

Define gene and codon.

A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule, while a codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

A gene is a type of plant found in tropical regions, while a codon is a type of fish found in deep sea.

A gene is a type of currency, while a codon is a type of investment strategy.

A gene is a type of computer program, while a codon is a type of software bug.

Describe the role of RNA polymerase in transcription.

RNA polymerase is responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during the process of transcription.

RNA polymerase is only involved in the translation process, not transcription.

RNA polymerase plays no role in the process of transcription.

RNA polymerase is responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template during the process of transcription.

The three major classes of RNA and what they are.

The three major classes of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, and rRNA makes up the ribosome's structure.

The three major classes of RNA are A, B, and C. A carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, B carries amino acids to the ribosome, and C makes up the ribosome's structure.

The three major classes of RNA are P, Q, and R. P carries genetic information from DNA to the nucleus, Q carries amino acids to the ribosome, and R makes up the nucleus' structure.

The three major classes of RNA are X, Y, and Z. X carries genetic information from RNA to the ribosome, Y carries amino acids to the nucleus, and Z makes up the ribosome's structure.

Explain the role of tRNA in translation.

tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon during protein synthesis.

tRNA transports lipids to the cell membrane

tRNA is responsible for producing ATP in the cell

Explain the role of promoter regions in transcription and give an example of a promoter codon.

Promoter regions are DNA sequences that provide a binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription factors, allowing the initiation of transcription. An example of a promoter codon is the TATA box, which is found in the promoter region of many eukaryotic genes.

The TATA box is a terminator codon

Promoter regions inhibit the binding of RNA polymerase

Promoter regions are not involved in transcription

BIO 111 Chapter 11/12 Study Set

Authored by Wilson Hunt

Science

University

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

List the 4 nucleotide types found in DNA.

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Adenine, Thymine, Guanosine, Cytosine

Thymine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

State the difference between purine bases and pyrimidine bases, and give examples of each.

Purine bases have a double-ring structure, while pyrimidine bases have a single-ring structure. Examples of purine bases include adenine and guanine, while examples of pyrimidine bases include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Purine bases and pyrimidine bases are both single-ring structures. Examples of purine bases include adenine and guanine, while examples of pyrimidine bases include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Purine bases and pyrimidine bases have the same structure. Examples of purine bases include cytosine and thymine, while examples of pyrimidine bases include adenine and guanine.

Purine bases have a single-ring structure, while pyrimidine bases have a double-ring structure. Examples of purine bases include cytosine and thymine, while examples of pyrimidine bases include adenine and guanine.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

State the two components of Chargaff’s rules.

Equal amounts of A and T, and equal amounts of G and C

Equal amounts of A and G, and equal amounts of T and C

Equal amounts of A and C, and equal amounts of G and T

Equal amounts of A and G, and equal amounts of C and T

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Transcribe a piece of DNA

The process of transcribing a piece of DNA involves creating a protein from the DNA sequence.

Transcribing a piece of DNA means converting it into a different type of DNA.

Transcription of DNA results in the formation of a new DNA strand.

The process of transcribing a piece of DNA involves creating an RNA copy of the DNA sequence.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is a monohybrid cross?

A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals that are homozygous for different traits.

A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals that are homozygous for a single trait.

A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals that are unrelated.

A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for a single trait.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is the gene locus?

The gene locus is the process of gene replication

The gene locus is the chemical that determines genetic traits

The gene locus is the specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome.

The gene locus is the term for the entire set of an organism's genes

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Genotype vs Phenotype.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the physical characteristics or traits of an organism.

Genotype is the physical characteristics of an organism

Phenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism

Genotype and phenotype are the same thing

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