Descriptors of value orientation

According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, what are the eternal problems that human beings have had to deal with?

• Relationship of the individual to others, temporal focus of human life, and man-nature relationship

• Cultural variation, language barriers, and social norms

• Economic challenges, political conflicts, and technological advancements

• Educational opportunities, career growth, and personal development

Which cultures tend to have a universalistic orientation according to Hofstede and Trompenaars?

• Japan, China, and Hong Kong

• United States, Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Switzerland

• Italy, France, and Great Britain

• Australia, Canada, and Finland

In which type of culture is there a preference for explicit communication in handling conflict and negative thoughts?

• Indirect cultures

• Neutral cultures

• Emotional cultures

• Direct cultures

Which cultures place a high value on following business protocol and social customs?

• United States, Australia, and Canada

• Latin American, Arab, and Asian cultures

• Switzerland, Germany, and Scandinavia

• Italy, France, and Great Britain

What is the primary mode of activity in being/diffuse cultures?

• Hierarchical role relationships

• Task driven

• Relationship driven

• Individual autonomy

Which countries have the highest power distance index (PDI) according to Hofstede?

• Austria, Israel, Denmark, New Zealand

• Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela, India

• United States, United Kingdom, Australia

• Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland

What is the main focus of high-context cultures in communication?

• Specifics and details

• Nonverbal cues and environment

• Task achievement

• Instrumental communication

Which cultures are more concerned with relationships rather than tasks?

• Most Asian, Arab, and Latin American cultures

• Northern European cultures

• Southern European cultures

• Scandinavian cultures

What is the primary variable that the distinction between neutral and emotional cultural orientations is centred on?

• Power distance

• Communication and space

• Reason and emotion

• Hierarchy and egalitarianism

Which cultures have a relatively low value of individualism compared to other Northern European cultures?

• Japan and China

• United States and Canada

• Italy and France

• Germany and Finland