Bio DC - Chapter 15 - CFU & Quiz

Match the following

• 15.3

• The Nature of Genes

• 15.2

• Prokaryotic Transcription

• 15.1

• Eukaryotic Transcription

• 15.4

• Eukaryotic pre- mRNA Splicing

• 15.5

• The Genetic Code

Match the following

• 15.8

• Genes and How They Work

• 15.7

• Mutation: Altered Genes

• 15.6

• The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes

• Chapter 15

• Summarizing Gene Expression

• 15.9

• The Process of Translation

Match the following

• The central dogma describes information

• •         Information only flows from

  D N A → R N A → protein

• Transcription

• 
• Archibald Garrod – 1902

• •         Proposed that patients with the disease lacked a particular enzyme

• Beadle and Tatum – 1941

• •         Looked for nutritional mutations by identifying spores unable to grow on minimal media containing: glucose + vitamin (biotin) + salts

• The central dogma of molecular biology

• 

Match the following

• Reading codons

• 
• The genetic code

• •         Initially was unknown if codons are spaced (codon sequence punctuated) or unspaced (codons adjacent to each other)?

• R N A

• 
• Messages with and without spaces are aff

• •         Ribosomal R N A (rR N A) – class of R N A found in ribosomes, is essential for their function in protein production

• The genetic code is triplet

• Concluded that the genetic code is read in increments of three nucleotides, read continuously

Match the following

• Codons specify amino acids

• 
• Code practically universal

• Code is degenerate, meaning that some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

• Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymera

• Example: A transgenic pig engineered to express a gene from jellyfish that encodes green fluorescent protein (left piglet below)

• Promoter

• Transcription requirements

• Transcription requirements

• •         – forms recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase

Match the following

• Small R N As (miR NA and siR NA)

• •         part of machinery involved in processing of “pre-mR N A” in splicing

• Codon

• actual site where RNA synthesis begins

• Start site

• signal to end transcription

• Small nuclear R N A (snRNA)

• •         block of three D N A nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid

• Terminator

• •  involved in control of gene expression

Match the following

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• •         intermediary adapter molecule between mR N A and amino acids during protein synthesis Multiple kinds of RNA

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

• D N A → R N A (both nucleic acids)

• Transfer R N A (tRNA)

• R N A → protein (from nucleic acid to protein)

• Transcription

• intermediate form of information from nucleus to cytoplasm for processing

• Translation

• •         class of R N A found in ribosomes, is essential for their function in protein production

Match the following

• Termination occurs at specific sites

• •         contains RNA polymerase, D N A template, and growing R N A transcript

• Transcription initiation

• 
• Transcription elongation

• 
• Transcription bubble

• Termination occurs at specific sites and D N A rewinds

• Model of a transcription bubble

• •         R N A chain grows in the 5′-to-3′ direction as ribonucleotides are added

Match the following

• Eukaryotic gene structure

• 
• Pre-mR N A splicing by the spliceosome ₂

• Eukaryotic cells deal with introns by cutting and putting back together the primary transcript to produce mature mR N A, the latter called pre-mRNA splicing

• Eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing

• There is no observed rule governing the number of introns per gene, or the size of introns and exons

• Pre-mR N A splicing by the spliceosome ₁

• •         Many eukaryotic genes contain sequences that are not represented in mRNA

• Introns and exons

• 

Match the following

• Charged tRNA

• all the proteins produced from a genome

• The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes

• has an amino acid added via a charging reaction using the energy from ATP

• Effect of alternative splicing

• tR N A molecules can interact with mR N A and amino acids, carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide

• Transcriptome

• Estimated that 95% of human genes produce multiple splice products

• Proteome

• all the R N As produced from a genome