Who pioneered classical conditioning?

• Ivan Pavlov

• B.F. Skinner

• John Watson

• Albert Bandura

What is instrumental conditioning also known as?

• Operant conditioning

• Classical conditioning

• Behavioral conditioning

• Pavlovian conditioning

According to Lashley's principles about the nervous system, what is 'equipotentiality'?

• The belief that certain areas of the cortex are more crucial for learning.

• All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors.

• A specific brain region is solely responsible for memory formation.

• The idea that learning occurs only in the cerebral cortex.

Which brain area did Richard F. Thompson and colleagues suggest as the classical conditioning engram location?

• Cerebral cortex

• Hippocampus

• Cerebellum

• Thalamus

Which type of memory fades quickly without rehearsal?

• Short-term memory

• Long-term memory

• Intermediate-term memory

• Sensory memory

According to Hebb (1949), what is emphasized in working memory?

• Temporary storage of information

• Permanent storage of information

• Consolidation of information

• Erasure of information

What brain region is associated with the storage of information in working memory?

• Temporal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Prefrontal cortex

• Occipital lobe

What does increased activity in the prefrontal cortex in older individuals suggest?

• A decline in overall brain function

• Compensatory mechanism for other brain regions

• A decrease in working memory capacity

• Impairment in sensory perception

What is amnesia?

• Enhancement of memory

• Loss of memory

• Stability of memory

• Temporary memory distortion

Which brain structure's damage results in amnesia?

• Amygdala

• Hippocampus

• Thalamus

• Cerebellum