EOC Review USHC.1.CE Spot Check

Decide if the description is referring to the Articles of Confederation or the U.S. Constitution.

Groups:

(a) Articles of Confederation

,

(b) U.S. Constitution

• Equal representation in the national legisature

• Power to regulate interstate commerce.

• The document is the Supreme Law of the Land

• No power to create a national military

• All states must agree to amend governing document

• No power to tax.

• Federal courts handle disputes between states

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In 1787, states sent representatives to Philadelphia to revise the ​ (a)   . But after the representatives arrived, they realized the Articles could not be saved, so they agreed to completely change the national government. What resulted was the creation of the ​ (b)   . There were a number of compromises that would be made before the new government could be created.

One of these was regarding how population would be counted, particularly for representation in the new Congress. Remember that the ​ (c)   created a 2-house Congress: the ​Senate would contain two representatives from every state, while the ​House of Representatives would have its members based on the population of a state. But in many states, a large percentage of the population consisted of enslaved people, who were not considered citizens. How should they be counted in terms of determining the representation a state would receive in part of Congress? ​ (d)   states did not want any enslaved people counted for the purposes of representation, only free citizens. However, Southern states believed they should figure towards Congressional representation. After much debate, the two sides reached a compromise, which became known as the ​ (e)   . This said that for every five enslaved people in a state, three would counted as population for purposes of determining congressional representation. But remember: this did NOT mean that anyone enslaved could vote or were considered to be citizens. Enslaved people were still treated as property in slave-holding states and had no legal rights.

• Articles of Confederation

• Constitution

• Great Compromise

• Northern

• Three-fifths Compromise

• Southern

• Bill of Rights

Answer explanation

The correct choices are Articles of Confederation, Constitution, Great Compromise, Northern, and Three-fifths Compromise.

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The Treaty of Paris of 1783

• ended French colonial holdings in North America.

• eventually became a major cause of the Mexican War.

• granted the United States independence from England.

• established an alliance between the United States and France.

Answer explanation

The Treaty of Paris of 1783 granted the United States independence from England.

The likely audience of Patrick Henry's speech is

• The French.

• British Guard.

• American people.

• Sir Peter Townsend.

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This cartoon printed in 1765 was most likely a protest against

• pirates.

• food safety.

• British taxes.

• cruelty of British soldiers.

Answer explanation

The cartoon from 1765 was likely a protest against British taxes, as it was a common theme during that time period.

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The Federalist Papers: No. 51 "In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another. Perhaps such a plan of constructing the several departments would be less difficult in practice than it may in contemplation appear. Some difficulties, however, and some additional expense would attend the execution of it. Some deviations, therefore, from the principle must be admitted. In the constitution of the judiciary department in particular, it might be inexpedient to insist rigorously on the principle: first, because peculiar qualifications being essential in the members, the primary consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which best secures these qualifications; secondly, because the permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that department, must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the authority conferring them." - from "The Federalist Papers : No. 51" In this excerpt from "The Federalist Papers No. 51," James Madison explains the need for

• three separate branches in American government.
• a government that can control the violence caused by factions.
• a way to elect members of government that does not favor a small, elitist class.
• an explanation to the complaint that the Constitution does not have sufficient provisions against standing armies in times of peace.

Answer explanation

Simplified question: Why did James Madison think it was important to have different parts in the American government?

Correct Answer: three separate branches in American government.

Explanation: James Madison believed it was crucial to have three separate branches in the American government. This means there should be different parts that each have their own powers and responsibilities. Madison thought this was important because it helps to keep the government from becoming too powerful and taking away people's freedom. He wanted each part of the government to be independent and have its own way of choosing its members. This would make sure that no one part of the government could become too strong and dominate the others.

How did the Constitutional Convention delegates resolve the issue of Southern representation in Congress?

• The legislative branch was organized into two separate houses.
• Every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons.
• The Senate and House of Representatives were given special powers.
• The Electoral College would select the president and vice-president.

Answer explanation

Correct Answer: Every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons.

Explanation: The issue of Southern representation in Congress, particularly regarding the counting of enslaved individuals, was a contentious issue during the Constitutional Convention. To address this, the delegates agreed on the Three-Fifths Compromise, which stipulated that for the purposes of representation and taxation, every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons. This compromise allowed the Southern states to increase their representation in the House of Representatives based on their enslaved population while also influencing the allocation of federal taxes. However, it is important to note that this compromise perpetuated the institution of slavery and contributed to the tensions that would eventually lead to the Civil War.

The Articles of Confederation represented the Americans' distrust of

• states rights.
• any governing authority.
• universal voting rights.
• a strong central government.

Answer explanation

Simplified question: What did the Articles of Confederation reflect Americans' distrust of?

Correct Answer: a strong central government.

Explanation: The Articles of Confederation reflected Americans' distrust of a strong central government. After experiencing British rule, the colonists were wary of centralized authority and sought to prevent the concentration of power in one governing body. Consequently, the Articles created a weak central government with limited authority, allowing more autonomy for individual states. This distrust stemmed from concerns about tyranny and the desire to protect individual liberties by decentralizing power.