Which of the following best defines an aquifer?

• A rock with zero permeability

• A river catchment area

• A layer of water-bearing permeable material underground

• An artificial dam used to store surface water

What term refers to the portion of total porosity available for fluid flow?

• Specific yield

• Effective porosity

• Total porosity

• Specific retention

Which soil type generally has the highest specific retention?

• Coarse gravel

• Medium sand

• Clay

• Fine sand

In a water balance equation, a positive change in storage typically indicates:

• River overflow

• Water loss

• Groundwater recharge

• Aquifer depletion

Which of the following is used to directly measure river discharge via height and width of flow?

• Dilution method

• Weir method

• Float method

• Manning equation

Which type of aquifer is completely saturated and bounded by confining layers?

• Perched aquifer

• Confined aquifer

• Unconfined aquifer

• Semi-permeable aquifer

The term ‘hydrogeology’ refers to the study of:

• River catchment structures

• Oceanic water currents

• Movement of groundwater in soil and rocks

• Surface water evaporation

Which method estimates river discharge by segmenting the cross section and calculating velocity?

• Weir

• Bucket

• Velocity-area

• Dilution

The formula Q = VA is associated with which discharge estimation method?

• Manning’s Equation

• Velocity-area method

• Dilution method

• V-notch bucket method

Which unit is typically used for river discharge measurement?

• L/s

• m²/s

• m³/s

• mm/year