refers to the physical movements and positions of the speech organs, such as the tongue, lips, and vocal cords, when producing speech sounds. It involves the way these organs come together or move apart to create different speech sounds, like consonants and vowels. Articulation plays a crucial role in shaping the distinctive sounds of a language.

• Articulation

• Speech production

• Speech perception

• Categorical perception

is the process by which humans generate spoken language. It encompasses all the physiological and cognitive activities involved in turning linguistic information into audible speech. This process involves planning, coordinating, and executing the movements of the speech organs (e.g., tongue, lips, vocal cords) to produce the specific sounds, words, and sentences of a language. Speech production also includes prosody, which involves the intonation, rhythm, and stress patterns that convey meaning and emotion in spoken communication.

• Speech production

• Speech perception

• Categorical perception

• Laboratory speech

refers to the process by which humans interpret and understand the spoken language produced by others. It involves the ability to decode acoustic signals into linguistic information, allowing individuals to recognize and comprehend speech sounds, words, and sentences. Speech perception encompasses various aspects, including phonemic discrimination (distinguishing between different speech sounds), lexical access (identifying words in a spoken stream), and comprehension (understanding the meaning conveyed by spoken language). This cognitive process is vital for effective communication and language understanding.

• Speech perception

• Speech production

• Articulation

• Categorical perception

is a phenomenon in speech perception where listeners categorize speech sounds into discrete phonemic categories, despite small acoustic differences. It means perceiving speech sounds as distinct phonemes rather than continuous acoustic variations. It reflects how our cognitive system organizes and processes speech sounds.

• Categorical perception

• Phonological abstraction

• Functional considerations

• Inventories of speech units

is a cognitive process in which listeners extract essential phonological or linguistic information from speech sounds while disregarding non-essential acoustic variations. It involves focusing on the distinctive features of speech sounds that convey meaning in a particular language, such as consonants and vowels, and abstracting away from the fine-grained acoustic details that may vary due to factors like speaker differences or environmental conditions.

• Phonological abstraction

• Functional considerations

• Articulation

• Categorical perception

involve studying language from the perspective of how it serves various functions and purposes in communication and society. This approach explores pragmatics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, functional grammar, and language variation to understand how language is used to convey meaning, social identity, and achieve communicative goals in real-world contexts. It emphasizes the practical and functional aspects of language beyond abstract rules and structures.

• Functional considerations

• Inventories of speech units

• Speech perceptions

• Categorical perceptions

What is the term for the cognitive process in which listeners extract essential phonological or linguistic information from speech sounds while disregarding non-essential acoustic variations?

• Phonological abstraction

• Functional considerations

• Articulation

• Categorical perception

What is the term for the physical movements and positions of the speech organs, such as the tongue, lips, and vocal cords, when producing speech sounds?

• Articulation

• Speech production

• Speech perception

• Categorical perception

What is the term for the process by which humans interpret and understand the spoken language produced by others?

• Speech perception

• Speech production

• Articulation

• Categorical perception

Reorder the following

• It explores how language adapts to different

• The study of language variation within a community or across different communities is another aspect of functional linguistics.

• Language variation:

• or situational contexts.

• social, regional,