Physiology Practice Exam 1 (2023)

Wen comparing fused (complex) tetanus with unfused (incomplete) tetanus, which is

• complete tetanus occurs at a lower frequency of stimulation than unfused tetanus
• complete tetanus involves some relaxation between twitches
• complete tetanus involves development of maximum tension
• complete tetanus would occur when there is more time between twitch contractions

A stroke is due to the sudden lack of blood to a region of the brain resulting in sensory/motor impairments. An ischemic stroke is caused by:

• reduced or restricted blood flow to regions of the brain
• hemorrhage in the brain
• bursting of blood vessels in the brain

Which of the following will increase the rate of a reaction in the human body?

• low substrate concentration
• pH much higher than the optimal range for that reaction
• presence of an enzyme
• body temperature over 108 degrees F

In the autonomic nervous system, postglanglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ____ onto adrenergic receptors, and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete _____ onto muscarinic ____ receptors

• acetylcholine, acetylcholine, cholinergic
• norepinephrine, acetylcholine, cholinergic
• norepinephrine, acetylcholine, adrenergic
• acetylcholine, norepinephrine, cholinergic

The major steps of triglyceride breakdown (in order) to provide ATP are:

• liposomes digest triglycerides transport into nucleus, keto--oxidation, citric acid cycle
• lipases digest triglycerides, transport into mitochondria, beta-oxidation, glycolysis
• lipases digest triglycerides, transport into mitochondria, beta-oxidation, citric acid cycle
• proteases digest triglycerides, transport into mitochondria, beta-oxidation, citric acid cycle

Synergism occurs when:

• one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone
• hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicated
• hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted
• a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone
• one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone

The primary role of the citric acid cycle is to:

• form NADH and FADH2 to transport electrons to the electron transport chain
• form lactate
• make ATP directly
• make carbon dioxide

The estrogens are an example of a _____ hormone and are transported in the blood bound to ____

• protein, binding globulins
• glycolipid, lipoproteins
• amine, lipoproteins
• steroid, binding globulins

A fluid mosaic model is used to describe the cell membrane and the membrane is a mosaic because it ______

• contains phospholipids and cholesterol
• contains membrane embedded proteins
• protects the cell from bacteria or other pathogens
• communicates with other cells

The ATP generating pathway with the highest maximum power output requires which of the following

• NADH
• creatine kinase
• lactase
• PFK