SAQ key terminology

What is a neuron?

Answer explanation

A neuron is a specialized brain cell that is responsible for communication in the nervous system.

What are neural networks?

Answer explanation

Neural networks refer to connections between groups of neurons that work together to perform specific functions.

The structure and function of neural networks in the brain are highly complex and dynamic. Networks can change and adapt in response to experience, a phenomenon known as neural plasticity. This ability to reorganize and form new connections is critical for learning and memory formation.

What is neural pruning?

Answer explanation

Neural pruning is the process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary or unused connections between neurons in order to improve the efficiency of neural networks. It is driven by a combination of genetic programs and environmental factors, such as experience and sensory input. Neurons that receive regular input from other neurons tend to form stronger connections, while those that receive little or no input are more likely to be pruned.

What are excitatory and inhibitory synapses?

Answer explanation

An excitatory synapse is a type of connection between neurons in which a neurotransmitter that is released (e.g. AcH) stimulates a response in the postsynaptic neuron. An inhibitory synapse is a type of connection that decreases a response in the postsynaptic neuron.

What are agonists and antagonists?

Answer explanation

An agonist is any chemical that enhances the activity of a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters themselves are said to be endogenous agonists as they stimulate a response in the next neuron.

An antagonist is any chemical that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter and decreases the activity. Scopolamine is a drug that blocks the effect of Acetylcholine

What are twin studies?

Answer explanation

Twin studies involve comparing the similarities between identical/monozygotic twins, who share 100% of their genes, and fraternal/dizygotic twins, who share only about 50% of their genes. By comparing the degree of similarity in behaviour or traits between the two types of twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of those traits. If identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins, this suggests that genes play a role in those traits

Summarize the working memory model.

Answer explanation

What is the Multistore model of memory?

Answer explanation

What is a cognitive Schema?

Answer explanation

A cognitive schema is a mental framework or structure that helps individuals organize and interpret information about the world around them. Cognitive schemas are developed through past experiences and knowledge, and they can influence how individuals process and remember new information.

What is the difference between rational and intuitive thinking?

Answer explanation

Rational thinking is slow, deliberate, and conscious. It involves analysing information carefully, considering all relevant factors, and arriving at a logical and reasoned conclusion. Rational thinking relies on the use of formal logic and systematic reasoning to solve problems and make decisions.

 

Intuitive thinking, on the other hand, is fast, automatic, and unconscious. It involves processing information quickly, relying on gut feelings, and arriving at conclusions without conscious awareness of how those conclusions were reached. Intuitive thinking relies on heuristics, or mental shortcuts, to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently.