A&P Lecture Exam 1

What is preload?

• It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

• It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of systole

• It's the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

• It's the amount of force development by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload (in other words for a certain amount of stretch)

What is contractility?

• It's the amount of force developed by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload (in other words for a certain amount of stretch)

• It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

• It's the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

• It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of systole

What is afterload?

• It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of systole

• It's the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

• It's the amount of force developed by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload (in other words for a certain amount of stretch)

• It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

What will increasing sympathetic tone do to the heart?

• Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

• Increase heart rate by depolarizing the SA node

• Increase heart rate by hyperpolarizing the SA node

• Decrease heart rate by opening Na+ channel in pacemaker cells and hyperpolarizing them

What will increasing parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

• Decrease heart rate by hyperpolarizing the SA node

• Increase heart rate by depolarizing the SA node

• Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

• Decrease heart rate by opening Na+ channel in pacemaker cells and hyperpolarizing them

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What will increasing the parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

• Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

• Decrease heart rate by prolonging the plateau phase of the action potentials

• Hyperpolarizing the SA node by releasing acetylcholine and opening K+ channels, allowing K+ to exit the cells

• Increase heart rate by depolarizing by releasing epinephrine and opening Na+ channels, allowing Na+ to enter the cells

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What will increasing the sympathetic tone do to the heart?

• Hyperpolarizing the SA node by releasing acetylcholine and opening K+ channels, allowing K+ to exit the cells

• Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

• Increase force of contraction, also known as contractility, in cardiac myocytes

• Increase heart rate by prolonging the plateau phase of the action potentials

What is correct about the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

• The neurotransmitters are epipinephrine and acetylcholine, respectively

• The neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and epipinephrine, respectively

• Parasympathetic is fright or flight and sympathetic is rest and relax

• When the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands secrete epipinephrine and when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated the adrenal glands secrete acetylcholine

Neutrophils...

• Move into tissues after 1-2 days and become macrophage there

• Are round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflammation when released

• Are the second most common leukocyte and survive for months or decades!!!

• Are the most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

Monocytes...

• Are the second most common leukocyte and survive for months or decades!!!

• Are the most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

• Move into tissues after 1-2 days and become macrophage there

• Are round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflammation when released