What is correct about the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

The neurotransmitters are epipinephrine and acetylcholine, respectively

The neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and epipinephrine, respectively

Parasympathetic is fright or flight and sympathetic is rest and relax

When the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands secrete epipinephrine and when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated the adrenal glands secrete acetylcholine

Are the most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

Move into tissues after 1-2 days and become macrophage there

Are round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflammation when released

Are the second most common leukocyte and survive for months or decades!!!

Move into tissues after 1-2 days and become macrophage there

Are the second most common leukocyte and survive for months or decades!!!

Are the most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

Are round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflammation when released

Are the second most common leukocyte and survive for months or decades!!!

Are round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflammation when released

Are the most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

Move into tissues after 1-2 days and become macrophage there

Are round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflammation when released

Are the second most common leukocyte and survive for months or decades!!!

Are the most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

Move into tissues after 1-2 days and become macrophage there

Lymphoid stem cells...

Become lymphocytes, which are agranular

Are found in plasma and can mature into leukocytes in the circulation

Myeloid stem cells...

Can become eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, and red blood cells

Is concluded, or complete, the fibrin is converted to fibrinogen

Required vitamin K and C, both of which are formed in the liver

Requires high levels of K+ to form a platelet plijug

Would be probably be slow if a person has a damaged liver, because it produces many plasma proteins that are essential for the process

Would be slow in a person with 3 mM intracellular Ca2+ in liver cells, because the liver is essential for clotting

Begins with the vascular phase that begins immediately and is over within 20-30 seconds when the platelet phase begins

Is influenced by the hematocrit. If a person's hematocrit is low they will also have low level of fibrinogen in the blood

Will cause the hematocrit to rise, always

May cause the hematocrit to rise if it's from sweating, but to decrease if its from diarrhea

Will be associated with leukocytosis, or increased cell count

What fluid would you choose to replace blood in a patient?

Something with a high NaCl and low KCl, like 140 mM KCl and 5 mM NaCl. That will also give an osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L

I would give a solution with 300 mOsm/L glucose so that the Na+ and K+ concentrations aren't altered

Something with a high KCl and low NaCl, like 140 mM KCl and 5 mM NaCl. That will also give an osmolarity of 290 mOsm/L

Something with a high NaCl and low KCl, like 140 mM KCl and 5 mM NaCl. That will also give an osmolarity of 290 mOsm/L

Does blood regulate pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid?

No, blood is only in the circulatory system and interstitial fluid is outside of the circulatory system

Maybe, under extreme conditions

No, blood delivers oxygen and removes CO2

Sue's hematocrit is 16. What do you expect is true?

She is either not producing enough RBC's by hematopoiesis or she has lost blood and may be bleeding internally

Her blood is undergoing hematopoiesis, or destruction. Her biliverdin is probably also high

She may be undergoing CO poisoning where CO is bound by RBC's and this displaces oxygen

A hypertonic intravenous solution is given to patients who have hyponatremia. What is true?

The hypertonic IV will cause RBC's to shrink. The patient has low plasma Na+ concentration

The hypertonic IV will cause RBC's to shrink. The patient has an elevated plasma Na+ concentration

The hypertonic IV will cause RBC's to swell. The patient has low plasma Na+ concentration

The hypertonic IV will help to decrease plasma Na+ concentration and return to normal, around 140 mM Na+

Which component of blood contains more Na+?

Plasma has more Na+. Plasma volume is usually more than 1/2 the blood volume and it contains ~ 140 mM, Na+ and 4.5 mM K+

Plasma has more Na+. Plasma contains water and formed elements, which are mainly leukocytes, hemoblasts, and hemoglobulins

Serum has more Na+. Serum is blood with the clotting factors removed

Formed elements contain more Na+ compared to plasma. Formed elements contain 135 mM Na+ and 10 mM K+

A diabetic patient has a blood glucose concentration of 378 mg/dL after eating a slice of birthday cake. What do you know about their plasma osmolarity?

It's definitely high because glucose is an osmotic particle. I would estimate plasma osmolarity to be around 320 mOsm/L

It's definitely high because glucose is an osmotic particle. I would estimate plasma osmolarity to be around 678 mOsm/L

The plasma osmolarity will be hypo-osmolar but its impossible to estimate since we don't know the plasma glucose concentration in mM

It's probably normal, or on the high side of normal, around 100 mg/dL

Comparing plasma to interstitial fluid:

The concentration of dissolved proteins in plasma is ~7% significantly higher than interstitial fluid

The concentration of dissolved protein is higher in interstitial fluid compared to plasma because proteins accumulate in the interstitial space

Na+ concentrations is about 140 mM in plasma and its about 10 mM in interstitial fluid

K+ is higher in plasma, about 140 mM, compared to interstitial fluid, about 10 mM

When the AV valves are open, and the semilunar valves are closed

The ventricles are in diastole and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

Blood is flowing backwards, from the ventricles to atria

The atria are in systole and blood flows from the ventricles to the atria

The ventricles are in systole and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

What is the best definition of an artery and a vein?

Arteries always carry blood away from the heart, veins always return blood to the heart

Arteries are high pressure and veins are low pressure

Arteries can carry oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood

Arteries are bigger and down in red, veins are smaller and drawn in blue

The pulmonary arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

Carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

During a cardiac action potential

Na+ flows into the cell resulting in a membrane depolarization

K+ flows into the cell resulting in a membrane depolarization

Ca2+ flows into the cell resulting in a membrane hyperpolarization

Na+ flows into the cell resulting in a membrane hyperpolarization

Do chordae tendenae close heart valves?

No, the fibrous tendons prevent eversion of the AV valves

Yes, these fibrous ligaments are connected to the AV valves and semilunar valves

Yes, contraction of papillary muscles starts ventricular contraction and pulls the valves shut

Yes, chordae tendenae pull the valves open AND pull them shut at the right times

Damage to the aortic semilunar valve on the left side of the heart

Will interfere with blood flow to the aorta

Will interfere with blood flow to the pulmonary artery

Will interfere with blood flow to the right ventricle

Will interfere with blood flow to the right atria

This question is about the ECG. Select the best answer.

The ECG measures electrical activity at the skin surface and is useful for measuring the overall timing of electrical events in the heart

The ECG tells us about the total time spent in systole, and also about preload, afterload, and end diastolic volume

The ECG is useful for diagnosing arteriosclerosis (the thickening of arterial walls that occurs due to aging

The ECG measures electrical activity at the skin surface and is useful for measuring cardiac contractility which is a measure of cardiac performance

How does the autonomic nervous system influence the SA node?

It will alter the membrane potential, changing the time it takes to reach the threshold, and thereby change heart rate, it can be excitatory (sympathetic) or inhibitory (parasympathetic)

It will extend the plateau phase, allowing more calcium to enter, and increase the strength of contraction

It will hyperpolarize the AV node and prolong the systolic period

It will increase membrane depolarization, extending the plateau phase and allow more Ca2+ to enter and making contraction stronger

Consider blood flow in the heart. Beginning in the right atria, blood flows through the

Right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary circuit, left atria, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, and the systemic circuit

Right AV valve, right ventricle, aortic valve, pulmonary circuit, left atria, left AV valve, left ventricle, atrial valve, aorta, and the systemic circuit

Right AV valve, right ventricle, systemic circuit, left atrium, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit

Bicuspid valve, right ventricle, ascending vena cava, systemic circuit, descending vena cava, left atria, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit

What is depolarization during a cardiac action potential?

It's a rapid change in the membrane potential with it becoming more positive, for instance moving from -90 mV to +30 mV during a cardiac action potential

It's a decrease in membrane potential

It's an increase in membrane potential

It's a decrease in the membrane potential with it returning to rest, for instance moving from +30 mV to -90 mV

Do albumins contribute to the osmolarity of blood?

Yes, plasma proteins are in important contributor to plasma osmolarity

No, formed elements contribute the most to blood osmolarity

No, only solutes like Na+, K+, Cl-, and glucose contribute to osmolarity

Yes, 7g/dL of plasma protein creates 75 mOsm/L of osmotic driving force

If you have type A blood, your plasma holds circulating ____ that will attack ___

anti-B antibodies; type B blood

anti-A antibodies; type B blood

anti-A antibodies; type A blood

Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells are both contractile, but there are differences as well. Select the one FALSE statement.

Skeletal muscle cells usually have sustained contractions but cardiac muscle cells have brief twitches

Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contract when intracellular calcium rises

Cardiac muscle cells, but not skeletal muscle cells, are interconnected by intercalated discs

Cardiac myocytes have long-lasting action potentials with a plateau phase. Skeletal muscles have very fast action potential (1-2 msec duration)

Consider blood flow in the heart. Beginning in the right atria, blood flows through the

Right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary circuit, left atria, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the systemic circuit

Right AV valve, right ventricle, aortic valve, pulmonary circuit, left atria, left AV valve, left ventricle, atrial valve, aorta and the systemic circuit

Right AV valve, right ventricle, systemic circuit, left atrium, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit

Bicuspid valve, right ventricle, ascending vena cava, systemic circuit, descending vena cava, left atria, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit

Consider impulse conduction through the heart. What is correct?

The impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, there is a 100 msec delay, and the impulse then travels along the inter ventricular septum, bundle branches, and then purkinje fibers

A spontaneous impulse is generated by the SA node and it travels to atrial muscle cells, and then to the AV node

Layers of the heart wall are the endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, and parietal pericardium. Which description is correct?

The endocardium is a single layer of cells cover the inside of the ventricles where there is blood contact

The epicardium covers the inside of the ventricles and has a slippery layer of endothelial cells

The myocardium includes the cardiac muscle tissue which are non-striated multinucleated cells

The epicardium includes the visceral and parietal pericardium, and is essentially the pericardial sac

What is different about conducting cells and contractile cells?

Conducting cells can be pacemaker cells

Conducting cells are simulated by epinephrine, contractile cells are not

Conducting cells transmit electrical information only, and contractile cells contract when mechanically stimulated

Conducting cells have higher intracellular Ca2+ during action potentials to enable powerful contractions

What is a electocardiogram?

It's electrical activity measured at the skin surface resulting from electrical activity in cardiac myocytes

It describes the cardiac cycle, from 1 atrial contraction to the next

It's the resting membrane potential in cardiac myocytes, which are conducting cells

It measures cardiac action potentials from the skin surface

What does it mean when we say autonomic innervation of the heart?

It refers to the part of the central nervous system that stimulates the heart (sympathetic) or slows the heart (parasympathetic)

Autonomic regulation is all local. Another word for it's autoregulation

It refers to the pacemaker part of the heart (SA node) that is controlled by the automatic component of the nervous system

It just means that there is a nerve, the autologous branch or cranial nerve 12, that ca influence the heart rate and contractility

The figure shows a cardiac action potential. If plasma Na+ is 125 mM, which part will be affected?

This phase is depolarization, Na+ channels open, and Na+ enters the cell. Less Na+ enters if the concentration is decreased

This phase is hyperpolarization. It happens when Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the cell. More Na+ enter at this concentration

A&P Lecture Exam 1

Authored by Shelby Jackson

Biology

University

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51 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What is preload?

It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of systole

It's the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

It's the amount of force development by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload (in other words for a certain amount of stretch)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What is contractility?

It's the amount of force developed by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload (in other words for a certain amount of stretch)

It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

It's the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of systole

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What is afterload?

It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of systole

It's the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

It's the amount of force developed by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload (in other words for a certain amount of stretch)

It's the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What will increasing sympathetic tone do to the heart?

Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

Increase heart rate by depolarizing the SA node

Increase heart rate by hyperpolarizing the SA node

Decrease heart rate by opening Na+ channel in pacemaker cells and hyperpolarizing them

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What will increasing parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

Decrease heart rate by hyperpolarizing the SA node

Increase heart rate by depolarizing the SA node

Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

Decrease heart rate by opening Na+ channel in pacemaker cells and hyperpolarizing them

What will increasing the parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

Decrease heart rate by prolonging the plateau phase of the action potentials

Hyperpolarizing the SA node by releasing acetylcholine and opening K+ channels, allowing K+ to exit the cells

Increase heart rate by depolarizing by releasing epinephrine and opening Na+ channels, allowing Na+ to enter the cells

What will increasing the sympathetic tone do to the heart?

Hyperpolarizing the SA node by releasing acetylcholine and opening K+ channels, allowing K+ to exit the cells

Increase heart rate by opening K+ channels so that K+ can enter a pacemaker cell and depolarize it

Increase force of contraction, also known as contractility, in cardiac myocytes

Increase heart rate by prolonging the plateau phase of the action potentials

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A&P Lecture Exam 1

What is preload?

What is contractility?

What is afterload?

What will increasing sympathetic tone do to the heart?

What will increasing parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

What will increasing the parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

What will increasing the sympathetic tone do to the heart?

What is correct about the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

Neutrophils...

Monocytes...

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