The Age of Revolutions, 1500-1900

Selected in 1852 by the Italian king to be Prime Minister, I pursued a policy of realpolitik that helped strengthen the economy. I was the architect of Italian unification. Who am I?

• Camillo di Cavour

• Otto von Bismarck

• Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Galileo Galilei

As Prime Minister of Prussia, I ruthlessly collected taxes and reorganized the army, building Prussian power. I eventually used realpolitik policies as the architect of German unification. Who am I?

• Maxilimilien Robespierre

• Klemens von Metternich

• Otto von Bismarck

• Camillo di Cavour

Established by the First Consul of France, a uniform set of laws, eliminating many injustices while also limited liberty and strengthened the power of the government over individual rights.

• balance of power

• Napoleonic Code

• Declaration of Independence

• realpolitik

I was an influential French Enlightenment writer, asserting that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of my day, exemplifying an effective separation of powers. Who am I?

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Voltaire

• Isaac Newton

• Baron Montesquieu

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

• enlightened despot

• philosophe

• entrepreneur

• socialist

Voluntary labor association, formed by workers to press for reforms.

• union

• middle class

• corporation

• joint-stock company

Concept that arose in the early 19th century, whereby no nation in Europe should have too much power and influence over other nations.

• laissez-faire

• realpolitik

• balance of power

• legitimacy

Originally, Spanish peasant fighters who struck at French armies in Spain, working in small groups that ambushed French troops then fled into hiding.

• socialists

• guerrillas

• special forces

• anarchists

I was the well-intentioned but ill-prepared monarch of France when revolution broke out; my extravagant spending and inattention contributed greatly to unrest. Who am I?

• Marie Antoinette

• Louis XVI

• Napoleon Bonaparte

• Maximilien Robespierre

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

• Declaration of Independence

• United States Constitution

• Napoleonic Code

• Congress of Vienna