Class Differences in Achievement - External Factors

What did Hubbs-Tait et al (2002) find about parental language use and children's cognitive performance?

• Challenging language use improves cognitive performance

• Simple descriptive language use enhances cognitive skills

• Negative impact of challenging language on cognitive performance

• No impact of language use on cognitive performance

According to Leon Feinstein (2008), which parents are more likely to use language that challenges their children?

• Less educated parents

• Educated parents

• Parents with lower income

• Parents from urban areas

What do cultural deprivation theorists believe about the language used in lower-class homes?

• It promotes abstract thinking

• It is deficient

• It is rich and diverse

• It is superior to middle-class language

What type of speech code does Basil Bernstein associate with the working class?

• Restricted code

• Analytical code

• Elaborated code

• Complex code

What are the key features of working-class subculture according to Sugarman?

• Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present-time orientation

• Optimism, individualism, deferred gratification, future-time orientation

• Pessimism, isolationism, immediate gratification, future-time orientation

• Fatalism, collectivism, deferred gratification, present-time orientation

How does Nell Keddie view cultural deprivation?

• As a significant factor in educational failure

• As a myth, and that children are not culturally deprived, just different and that they are seen as disadvantaged because school values middle class culture.

• As less important than material deprivation

• As the only reason for educational failure

What does Marilyn Howard note about the impact of poor nutrition on children's education?

• It has no significant impact

• It improves cognitive abilities

• It leads to higher academic achievement

• It may result in more absences from school and difficulties concentrating leading to academic failure from w/c children

What is cultural capital according to Bourdieu?

• The social connections within the middle class

• The physical assets owned by the middle class

• The knowledge, attitudes, values, and abilities of the middle class

• The financial wealth of the middle class

What does Bourdieu argue about the conversion of capital?

• Only economic capital is valuable in the education system

• Cultural capital cannot be converted into economic capital

• Economic, educational, and cultural capital can be converted into one another

• Cultural capital is less important than educational capital

What is the effect of the elaborated speech code on middle-class children's success in school?

• It is discouraged by the education system

• It gives them an advantage as teachers and textbooks use this mode of speech thus giving them more familiarity

• It has no effect on their success

• It puts them at a disadvantage