AP Psychology: Learning, Cognitive Psych, & Developmental Psych

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

• Learning to associate a behavior with a consequence

• Learning through observation and imitation of others

• Learning to associate two stimuli and thus anticipate events

• Learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior

What is the main focus of cognitive psychology?

• The study of how people grow and change from infancy through old age

• The study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems

• The study of how environmental factors affect behavior and mental processes

• The study of how people learn to adapt to their social environments

Which psychologist is most closely associated with the stages of cognitive development?

• Sigmund Freud

• B.F. Skinner

• Jean Piaget

• Albert Bandura

What is the term for the adjustment of schemas according to new information?

• Accommodation

• Assimilation

• Conditioning

• Reinforcement

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioral responses. Who is most closely associated with this theory?

• Ivan Pavlov

• John B. Watson

• B.F. Skinner

• Albert Bandura

In developmental psychology, what term describes the distress that babies often show when separated from their primary caregiver?

• Object permanence

• Secure attachment

• Separation anxiety

• Conservation

Which of the following is a cognitive ability that develops during the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

• The ability to think abstractly

• The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen

• The ability to perform operations on objects that are only imagined

• The understanding of the concept of conservation

What does the term "social learning theory" primarily emphasize?

• Learning through the use of reinforcement and punishment

• Learning through the observation of others and the modeling of their behavior

• Learning through direct instruction and practice

• Learning through the resolution of internal conflicts

Which of the following best describes the concept of "zone of proximal development" in educational psychology?

• The range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to learn alone but can be learned with guidance

• The period during which a child develops the ability to think logically about abstract concepts

• The stage at which a child begins to develop basic motor skills

• The level of intelligence that a child is born with and does not change

What is the phenomenon where an individual's performance improves when they are observed by others?

• The Hawthorne effect

• The placebo effect

• Social facilitation

• Group polarization