Module 2

What is respondent conditioning commonly referred to as?

• Operant conditioning

• Classical conditioning

• Differential reinforcement

• Positive punishment

Who is associated with the work on respondent conditioning involving bells and dogs?

• B.F. Skinner

• John Watson

• Ivan Pavlov

• Edward Thorndike

What was the initial focus of Ivan Pavlov's experiments on dogs?

• The effects of external stimuli on behavior

• The role of saliva in digestion

• The conditioning of fear responses

• The impact of sound on behavior

What did Ivan Pavlov discover about conditioned reflexes through his experiments with dogs and metronomes?

• Dogs would only salivate when they saw food.

• Dogs began to salivate at the sound of a metronome when it was paired with the presentation of food.

• Dogs stopped eating when they heard the metronome.

• Dogs could hear the metronome only when presented with food.

What is habituation according to Cooper et al. 2020?

• Increased responsiveness to repeated stimulus presentations.

• Decreased responsiveness to repeated stimulus presentations.

• Immediate response to a new stimulus.

• Long-term memory formation.

Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?

• Behavior determined by prior conditioning without consequences.

• Behavior determined by the history of consequences and maintained over time.

• Behavior that is unlearned and occurs naturally.

• Behavior that is influenced only by classical conditioning techniques.

What was a key feature of B.F. Skinner's research in behavior analysis?

• He focused on respondent conditioning only.

• He worked with concepts like schedules of reinforcement and operant conditioning.

• He exclusively studied human behavior.

• He disproved theories of classical conditioning.

What is operant conditioning primarily dependent on?

• The behavior of the individual alone

• The consequences that follow the behavior

• The intention behind the behavior

• The environment where the behavior occurs

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

• A person sprays on cologne after receiving compliments, increasing the likelihood of using it again

• A person stops using electronics after getting shocked

• A child does their chores without being reminded

• A person avoids sunburn by staying indoors

What is an example of a behavior decreasing due to negative reinforcement?

• A person applying sunscreen to avoid sunburn

• A child cleaning their room to get their phone back

• A person avoiding plugging in electronics after a shock

• A person eating more to gain weight