Unit 2 pt2

Ottoman expansion in the fourteenth century eventually led to the empire’s control over

• the Danube Valley

• the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.

• Italy.

• the Hungarian plain.

The hereditary nature of the position of sultan

• stabilized the Egyptian empire.

• encouraged strife among the peasants.

• led to struggles over succession.

• formed the basis of democracy in the Ottoman Empire.

In general, the Akbar era of the Mogul dynasty was a period of

• economic hardship.

• peace and stability

• religious persecution.

• cultural decline.

The  Safavids differed from many of their Islamic neighbors because the Safavids were ardent

• Sunnis.

• Catholics.

• Shias.

• pacifists.

The position of women in Ottoman society was

• a little better than in other Muslim societies.

• equal to that of women in Western societies.

• determined by the sultan’s grand vizier.

• just below the peasant class.

The scientific method grew out of the belief that the world is best understood through

• imagination.

• direct observation.

• the teachings of Aristotle.

• a geocentric view of the universe.

Which idea of Montesquieu has been incorporated into the U.S. Constitution?

• social contract

• economic laissez-faire

• religious tolerance

• separation of powers

Voltaire championed the religious philosophy of deism, which was based on

• reason and natural law.

• superstition.

• human nature and social conflict.

• biblical text.

According to Rousseau’s concept of the social contract,

• a society agrees to be governed by its general will.

• a government should exact harsh punishment for crime.

• the government should not interfere in economic affairs.

• people should be governed by their individual morality.

Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia were enlightened absolutists whose main goal was to

• abolish the system of serfdom.

• safeguard the welfare of the state.

• reinforce the supremacy of the nobility.

• uphold the rights of the working class.