Literasi sesi 2

You have invited your friend over for dinner. Your child sees your friend reach for some cookies and says,” Better not take those, or you’ll get even bigger.” You’re embarrassed that your child could speak so rudely. However, you should consider that your child may not know how to use the language appropriately in social situations and did not mean harm by the comment.

 

An individual may say words clearly and use long, complex sentences with correct grammar, but still have a communication problem if he or she has not mastered the rule of social language known as pragmatics. Adults may also have difficulty with pragmatics, for example, as a result of a brain injury or stroke.

 

An individual with pragmatic problems may say inappropriate or unrelated things during conversations, tell stories in a disorganized way, or have little variety in language use. It is not unusual to have pragmatic problems in only a few situations. However, if problems in social language use occur often and seem inappropriate considering the child’s age, a pragmatic disorder may exist.

The topic of the paragraph is ............

• pragmatic disorders

• logics

• inappropriate politics

• incorrect grammar

• vocabulary problems

• laundry room; living-room; mine      

• washing machine; bed room; yours   

• washing-machine; bookshelf; yours

• washing machine; wardrobe; mine

• laundry room; bedroom; yours

Which of the following activities is NOT mentioned as a form of outdoor exercise in the passage?

• Walking

• Riding bicycle

• Jogging

• Arm wrestling

•  Cycling

  “The pie, _________ was very delicious, was made by Grandma.”

• whom

• whose

• where

• who

• which

1.      The reasons for the extinction of a species and for the rapid rates of change in our environment are currently the focus of much scientific research. An individual species' susceptibility to extinction depends on at least two things: the taxon (the biological group—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, or genus) to which a species belongs, and the overall rate of environmental change. Fossil evidence shows that more mammals and birds become extinct than do mollusks or insects. Studies of the extinction of the dinosaurs and other reptiles during the Cretaceous Period show that a changing environment affects different taxa in different ways. Some may be dramatically affected, others less so.

 

The best way to answer the question of what causes anextinction is to combine fields of inquiry and a variety of viewpoints. Using the fossil record and historical documentation, the different rates of the extinction of various taxa and different responses to environmental change can be detected. Then the evolutionary development of the different species can be compared, and traits that may be disadvantageous can be singled out.

 

Finally, researchers can use mathematical formulae to determine whether a population is likely to adapt itself to the changing environment or disappear. Hopefully, as more of this information is collected, specialists in different fieldse.g. physiological and behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, evolutionary biology and systematics, biogeography, and paleobiology — will work together to make predictions about the changes that might occur in the ecosystem.

 

Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

• researchers use mathematical formulae to determine whether a population can adapt itself to the changing environment

• A comparison of the extinction rates of different taxa.

• A discussion of possible causes of extinction, and of ways to make predictions about environmental change.

• Assessment of the work of specialists concerned with ecology.

• The changing aspects of our environment.