Which of the following statements is true of Hermann Ebbinghaus and his research?

• He memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay.

• He studied college students to see if it was easier for them to memorize items presented randomly or in categories.

• He studied children over a ten-year period to determine how long information lasts in sensory memory.

• He studied monkeys to see how long it would take for them to habituate to a stimulus.

• He used imaging techniques to see if the components of short-term memory were reflected in different regions of the brain.

Most intelligence tests are normed such that the mean score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. Therefore, the discovery of the Flynn effect leads one to conclude that

• members of minority groups may not be accurately assessed by IQ tests

• IQ tests should be renormed at periodic intervals

• the relatively high reliability coefficients for IQ tests may not be accurate

• the tests may not have been valid when they were initially constructed

• IQ scores tend not to change over the course of a person’s life

Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of

• shallow processing

• maintenance rehearsal

• the pragmatics of language

• semantic encoding

Jordan learns a trick to solve one particular type of math problem. He then uses the same trick to solve other types of math problems, even though it does not work and he keeps getting the wrong answer. Jordan’s use of the trick is an example of

• a prototype

• reversibility

• spontaneous recovery

• a mental set

Achariya is lost. She quickly scans the crowd and decides to ask an elderly woman for directions because she believes the woman will be kind. Which method of problem solving did Achariya most likely use?

• Divergent thinking

• The availability heuristic

• The representativeness heuristic

• An algorithm

• Trial and error

A test author most interested in ensuring that individuals receive similar scores on a personality test every time they take it is attempting to increase which of the following?

• Standardization

• Statistical significance

• Reliability

• Validity

• Experimenter-expectancy effects

When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as

• semantic cues

• encoding devices

• retrieval cues

• implicit memories

• iconic memories

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

• rehearsal

• transfer

• retrieval

• encoding

• storage

Joe’s best friend Liz says, “I heard the best joke from my sister” and then proceeds to tell Joe the joke that he had told her last week. Liz is most likely experiencing

• proactive interference

• source amnesia

• retrieval failure

• encoding failure

• retrograde amnesia

Tim can no longer create new memories as a result of an accident. Tim is experiencing which of the following types of amnesia?

• Infantile

• Source

• Anterograde

• Retrograde

• Dissociative