What is the defining characteristic of a second-order system?

• It has one energy storage element

• It has two energy storage elements

• It has no energy storage elements

• It has three or more energy storage elements

In a mass-spring-damper system, the two energy storage elements are:

• Mass and damper

• Spring and mass

• Spring and damper

• Mass and dashpot

An undamped second-order system will exhibit:

• Exponential decay

• Oscillations that grow exponentially

• Oscillations that neither grow nor decay

• No oscillations

For an underdamped system, the response curve exhibits:

• Overdamped behavior

• Undamped natural response

• Critically damped behavior

• Damped oscillations

The damping ratio ζ describes:

• The frequency of oscillations

• The amount of damping

• The static equilibrium point

• The steady-state error

For a critically damped system (ζ = 1), the response curve is:

• Two real roots

• Under-damped oscillations

• No oscillations, just exponential decay

• Sustained oscillations

An overdamped system (ζ > 1) has:

• Two real roots

• Complex conjugate roots

• A single real root

• No roots

The natural frequency ωn represents:

• The steady-state frequency

• The damped frequency of oscillations

• The frequency of undamped oscillations

• The resonant frequency

What is a defining characteristic of the impulse response of a second-order system?

• It asymptotically decays to zero

• It is a constant non-zero value

• It is an impulse function

• It oscillates indefinitely

For a second-order system with ζ > 1, the roots of the characteristic equation are:

• Imaginary

• Complex

• Real and distinct

• Real and equal