What is the purpose of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during surgery?

• To decrease systemic inflammation

• To remove oxygen from the blood

• To divert venous blood away from the heart and lungs

• To increase stress hormones in the body

Why is it critical to maintain fluid level in the CPB reservoir?

• To reduce systemic inflammation

• To improve cardiac output

• To prevent air entering the main pump and causing organ damage

• To increase the stress hormones in the body

What information can be obtained from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during surgery?

• Kidney function

• Cardiac anatomy and function

• Lung capacity

• Liver function

What is the effect of hypoxia on pulmonary vascular tone?

• It causes pulmonary vasoconstriction

• It causes pulmonary vasodilation

• It increases systemic blood flow

• It has no effect on pulmonary vessels

What is the significance of closing capacity in lung physiology?

• It rises steadily with age and contributes to age-related decline in arterial O2 tension

• It remains constant throughout life

• It decreases with age

• It is not related to lung function

How does general anesthesia affect venous admixture in the lungs?

• It has no effect on venous admixture

• It decreases venous admixture

• It increases venous admixture to 5-10%

• It increases arterial O2 content

What is the primary rate-limiting factor in the transfer of O2 from alveolar gas to blood?

• Binding of O2 to hemoglobin

• Presence of CO2 in the alveoli

• Lung volume

• Pulmonary vascular resistance

What is the effect of a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

• It decreases hemoglobin concentration

• It increases O2 affinity and reduces O2 availability to tissues

• It lowers O2 affinity and makes more O2 available to tissues

• It has no effect on O2 transport

What is the consequence of a large increase in PaCO2 on room air?

• Has no effect on oxygenation

• Increases arterial O2 tension

• Reduces pulmonary vascular resistance

• Readily produces hypoxia

How does the supine position affect functional residual capacity (FRC) during general anesthesia?

• Increases lung compliance

• Increases FRC by 0.4 to 0.5 L

• Reduces FRC by 0.8 to 1.0 L

• Has no effect on FRC