Tutorial 1.1

Who suggested the concept of “unconsciousness”?

• B.F. Skinner

• Sigmund Freud

• William James

The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study "only what can be objectively observed is "

• humanism

• behaviorism

• structuralism

• functionalism

A researcher who was suspicious that hyperactivity in children was related to the amount of sugar in their diet recorded both sugar intake and activity level for a sample of children over a five-month period. The results indicated that those children who had consumed the most sugar tended to be the most active.

• Correlational study

• Experimental study

In an investigation of malnutrition, it was noted that there was a relationship between the lack of nutrients in mother when they were pregnant and the IQ of their babies. Those mothers who did not intake enough nutrients tend to have babies who have lower IQ.

• Correlational Study

• Experimental Study

To investigate the relationship between anxiety and test performance, three groups of subjects are tested, each under one of the following conditions: high anxiety, moderate anxiety, low anxiety. The moderate anxiety group performs better on the test than either the high or low anxiety groups.

• Correlational Study

• Experimental Study

In a study of motivation, researchers varied the number of hours the laboratory animals were deprived of food. While some had food continually available, others were deprived for 12 hours, and some were deprived for 24 hours. The researchers discovered that the animals deprived for 24 hours worked harder for food than did the others.

• Correlational Study

• Experimental Study

What are independent variables in psychological studies?