Biology: Unit 1 Vocabulary Test

Substrate

• A. Macromolecules such as fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol that store energy, provide insulation and protection and are made of C, H, and O. Fatty Acids + Glycerol make up its monomer

• B. Molecule on which an enzyme attaches to and acts upon during a chemical reaction

• C. Reusable and specific proteins that act as catalysts and speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, are affected by such factors as pH and temperature, are necessary for all biochemical reactions, and can be altered when the enzyme structure/shape is compromised.

• D. Macromolecules that provides quick energy in organisms and can be used in the formation of cell walls and made up of C, H, O Monosaccharide is it's monomer; polysaccharide is it's polymer.

Catalyst

• Hydrogen containing molecular compound with a pH less than 7 whose molecules yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, and are sour to the taste

• Existing or starting elements or compounds presented on the left side in a chemical reaction and are changed as a result

• Substance that causes or speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction

• Complex molecule forming a chain composed of repeating subunits called monomers that can be used to build larger structures necessary for survival Ex. starches, phospholipids, and proteins

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-5

Enzyme

• Measure of how strong or weak acids and bases(alkaline) are on a scale of 0-14, where 14 is most basic, 7 is neutral, and 0 is most acidic.

• Monomers that are the building blocks of proteins

• Protein molecule formed of many amino acids bonded together in peptide chains.

• Reusable and specific proteins that act as catalysts and speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, are affected by such factors as pH and temperature, are necessary for all biochemical reactions, and can be altered when the enzyme structure/shape is compromised.

Amino acid

• Normal balanced, stable, or steady state of equilibrium that regulations an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life

• Monomers that are the building blocks of proteins

• Molecule on which an enzyme attaches to and acts upon during a chemical reaction

• Energy it takes to start a chemical reaction

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Monosaccharide

• A. Destroy, remove, modify, disrupt, or diminish the original characteristic properties of a protein or other biological macromolecule by heat, acidity, alkali, ultraviolet radiation, or other effects

• B. Simplest sugar monomer of carbohydrates

• C. Simple compound subunits whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Monomer

• Any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter.

• Macromolecules that build cellular structures (microtubules, enzymes) and organism structures(hair, nail, collagen) and send chemical signals/messages made of C, H, O, and N Amino Acid is its monomer; polypeptide is its polymer

• Macromolecules built of nucleotides made of C, H, O, and N that store and transmit genetic information (DNA, RNA)

• Simple compound subunits whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Polypeptide

• A. Protein molecule formed of many amino acids bonded together in peptide chains.

• B. Molecules or ions that form hydroxide ions OH- when dissolved in water, have a pH greater than 7, and are often bitter to the taste and slippery to the touch, similar to soap

• C. Nucleic acid polymer, deoxyribonucleic acid, found in the nucleus of a cell and consisting of a chain of nucleotides in the shape of a double helix that transmits the genetic blueprint of an organism

• D. Single strand nucleotide, ribonucleic acid, that acts as a messenger for DNA and is composed of Phosphate + Ribose + (Adenine, Uracil, Guanine or Cytosine)

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Buffer

• All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body to provide energy and sustain life

• Substance that helps maintain the relative pH balance of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution

• Lipids that have hydrophobic properties and allow for the formation of a cellular membrane bilayers in all cells

• Chain of carbohydrate molecules composed of many monosaccharide monomers

Metabolism

• Substance that causes or speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction

• All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body to provide energy and sustain life

• Surface region of an enzyme molecule that attaches to the substrate where the chemical reaction takes place

• Property that describes how selective or particular an enzyme is when choosing a substrate

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

Glucose

• A. New substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction and are the substances shown to the right of the arrow in a chemical reaction

• B. Simple sugar molecule composed of carbohydrate used to make energy and form starches, which are used to build cellulose for cell walls

• C. Temporary shape of a molecule that forms when an enzyme binds to its substrate

• D. Polysaccharide that is a tough, fibrous material made from glucose that is used to make the tissues such as cell walls of plant cells