​ (a)   : people :: ​ (b)   : cells

• skin
• cell membrane
• nucleus
• heart
• ribosomes
• bones

The cell membrane, also known as the ​ (a)   , is ​ (b)   , meaning it has hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. The polar "head" of a lipid is ​ (c)   , and the nonpolar "tail" of a lipid is ​ (d)  

• lipid bilayer
• amphipathic
• hydrophilic
• hydrophobic.
• skin
• saponification
• polar
• nonpolar
• anthropomorphic

Which best describes the type of energy that is needed for Passive Transport to work

• ATP
• None
• Cellular Energy

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between the structure of membrane proteins and their functions within the cell membrane?

• Integral membrane proteins span the entire membrane and primarily function as a corridor for large or charged particles.

• Peripheral membrane proteins are loosely attached to the surface of the membrane and are primarily responsible for transporting molecules across the membrane.

• Lipid-anchored proteins are covalently attached to lipids in the membrane and often play a role in passive transport.

• Glycoproteins are integral proteins with sugar modifications that primarily serve as structural components of the membrane, providing mechanical stability.

A patient accidentally receives an intravenous (IV) solution of distilled water instead of saline solution. What will most likely happen to the patient’s red blood cells, and why?

• The red blood cells will shrink (crenate) because the distilled water is hypertonic, causing water to leave the cells.

• The red blood cells will swell and possibly lyse because the distilled water is hypotonic, causing water to move into the cells.

• The red blood cells will remain unaffected because the distilled water is isotonic, maintaining an equal movement of water into and out of the cells.

• The red blood cells will swell and possibly lyse because the distilled water is isotonic, causing water to move into the cells.

Match the following:

• hypotonic

• 
• lyse

• 
• hypertonic

• 
• isotonic

• 

A neurotransmitter like dopamine is a ______ that binds to receptors that recognize the molecule and induce a chemical reaction in the cell.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the different types of endocytosis and their functions?

• Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles or pathogens into vesicles, while pinocytosis involves the ingestion of fluid and dissolved solutes into smaller vesicles.

• Pinocytosis is a process where the cell engulfs large particles like bacteria into vesicles, while phagocytosis involves the cell drinking small amounts of extracellular fluid.

• During phagocytosis, the cell engulfs fluids and small molecules into vesicles, while pinocytosis uses vesicles to ingest solid particles or debris.

• Both phagocytosis and pinocytosis involve the active transport of ions into the cell through vesicles formed during exocytosis.

Which of the following accurately contrasts the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in terms of their structure and function?

• The smooth ER is covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance, and is primarily involved in protein synthesis, while the rough ER lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

• The rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, which synthesize proteins for secretion or membrane insertion, while the smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in steroid synthesis, detoxification, and Ca++ storage.

• Both the smooth ER and the rough ER are involved in protein synthesis, but only the smooth ER is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles for transport.

• The smooth ER contains ribosomes that synthesize lipids, while the rough ER specializes in synthesizing and storing carbohydrates due to its ribosome-free structure.

​ (a)   are organelles that contain ​ (b)   which break down unneeded cellular components.

They break down foreign substances; ​ (c)   , which contain a large number of them, phagocytize bacteria by transporting it into their lysosomes to be digested by enzymes.

They are also the mechanism by which ​ (d)   occurs; in this process, they open up and release their enzymes into the cytoplasm.

• Peroxisomes
• Lysosomes
• enzymes
• apoptosis
• leukocytes
• mitochondria
• oxidative phosphorylation
• ribosomes