Earth Science

 What the most common feature on Earth’s surface

• Forests
• Oceans/water

• Deserts
• Mountains

Why is earth science important?

• Earth science has no impact on climate change.
• Earth science is only relevant for studying outer space.
• Natural disasters (tsunamis, volcanoes, hurricanes), natural resources (food, trees, water), environmental issues , earth's dynamics, more people, it's fun

• Earth science is primarily focused on historical events.

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS2-5

NGSS.MS-ESS3-1

NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

NGSS.MS-ESS3-4

Scientific method steps

• Question, Experiment, Conclusion, Analysis
• Hypothesis, Analysis, Communication, Observation
• Observation, Question, Experiment, Conclusion
• Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion, Communication

Atoms definition

• Atoms are the smallest particles of an element.
• Atoms are only found in gases.
• Atoms are made up of only protons.
• Smallest particle of matter that has all characteristics of an element (112 known elements exists)

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-1

Parts that make up an atom and their characteristics:

• Quarks, leptons, and bosons
• Atoms, molecules, and compounds
• Protons - atom is overall known as a cation with a positive charge, Electrons - Atom is and overall known as an anion with a negative charge, Neutrons - atom is neutral simply known as atom with a neutral charge

• Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-1

What ions are and types

• Ions are charged particles, and the two main types are cations (positive) and anions (negative).
• Ions are only found in solid materials.
• The main types of ions are protons and neutrons.
• Ions are neutral particles with no charge.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS2-3

Types of bonds and their characteristics

• Covalent - valence electrons of 2 atoms are shared equal b/w the atoms forming a more stable product (strongest type). Ionic - occurs when electrons from 1 atom are passed to a 2nd atom creating opposite electrical forces (+ & -) that attract the 2 atoms (salt, easily dissolve in water). Metalli - forms when closely packed metallic atoms share delocalized valence electrons (have a unique characteristics of being malleable acting as electrical conductors due to this type of bond like)

• savings bonds
• foreign exchange bonds
• real estate bonds

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-1

How minerals are grouped

• Native minerals (gold, silver, sulfur, diamond), sulfides (pyrite and fools gold), oxides (magnetite and hematite), halides (halite and fluorite), carbonates, sulfates (gypsum), phosphates, silicates (largest mineral class accounts for 90% of earth's crust)

• Minerals are grouped based on their taste and smell.
• Minerals are categorized according to their weight and density.
• Minerals are classified by their color and size.

Rational why silicates are the most abundant group

• Silicates are primarily found in the ocean rather than the crust.
• Silicates are formed only under high-pressure conditions deep within the Earth.
• Since Z atoms account for -74.3% of the earth

• Silicates are rare due to the scarcity of silicon in the Earth's crust.

Definition of a mineral

• A mineral is a synthetic substance created in a laboratory.
• A mineral is an organic material derived from living organisms.
• A mineral is a liquid that can change its shape easily.
• A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, elemental compound, with a definite chemical composition, and a crystalline structure