Understanding Sporting Fatigue

What is central fatigue and how does it differ from peripheral fatigue?

• Central fatigue is a decrease in central nervous system activation, while peripheral fatigue is a decline in muscle function.

• Central fatigue is caused by muscle damage, while peripheral fatigue is due to dehydration.

• Central fatigue occurs only during intense exercise, while peripheral fatigue happens during rest.

• Central fatigue refers to muscle soreness, whereas peripheral fatigue is related to mental exhaustion.

How do calcium ions (Ca+) influence muscle contraction and fatigue?

• Calcium ions have no effect on muscle contraction or fatigue.

• Calcium ions facilitate muscle contraction by enabling actin-myosin interaction; decreased calcium levels contribute to muscle fatigue.

• Increased calcium levels lead to prolonged muscle relaxation and reduced fatigue.

• Calcium ions inhibit muscle contraction by blocking actin-myosin interaction.

What role does potassium (K+) play in muscle function during exercise?

• Potassium (K+) primarily helps in fat metabolism during exercise.

• Potassium (K+) is only important for nerve function.

• Potassium (K+) has no effect on muscle performance.

• Potassium (K+) is crucial for muscle contraction and preventing fatigue during exercise.

Explain the significance of sodium (Na+) in maintaining muscle excitability.

• Sodium (Na+) inhibits muscle contraction by blocking calcium channels.

• Sodium (Na+) is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in muscles.

• Sodium (Na+) has no role in muscle excitability or action potentials.

• Sodium (Na+) is essential for generating action potentials, which are necessary for muscle contraction and excitability.

How does acetylcholine contribute to muscle contraction and fatigue?

• Acetylcholine is only involved in nerve signal transmission.

• Acetylcholine causes muscle relaxation and prevents fatigue.

• Muscle contraction occurs without the need for acetylcholine.

• Acetylcholine initiates muscle contraction by binding to receptors, but its depletion contributes to muscle fatigue.

What is ATP depletion and how does it affect athletic performance?

• ATP depletion negatively affects athletic performance by causing fatigue and reducing muscle function.

• ATP depletion improves recovery time after exercise.

• ATP depletion has no impact on athletic performance.

• ATP depletion enhances muscle function and stamina.

Distinguish between high-intensity and endurance activities in terms of fatigue onset.

• Endurance activities cause rapid fatigue onset, while high-intensity activities lead to gradual fatigue onset.

• High-intensity activities lead to no fatigue onset, while endurance activities cause immediate fatigue.

• Both high-intensity and endurance activities result in the same rate of fatigue onset.

• High-intensity activities cause rapid fatigue onset, while endurance activities lead to gradual fatigue onset.

Which energy system is primarily used during high-intensity activities: glycolytic, phosphagen, or oxidative?

• phosphagen

• lactic acid

• aerobic

• anaerobic

What is lactic fermentation and how does it relate to fatigue in endurance sports?

• Lactic fermentation produces glucose, which enhances performance.

• Lactic fermentation is a process that produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle fatigue during intense exercise.

• Lactic acid is beneficial and prevents muscle fatigue during exercise.

• Lactic fermentation occurs only during rest periods, not during exercise.

How do the oxidative system and lactic fermentation differ in their contribution to energy production?

• The oxidative system produces energy in smaller amounts but is faster than lactic fermentation.

• Lactic fermentation generates more energy over a longer duration than the oxidative system.

• The oxidative system produces more energy over a longer duration using oxygen, while lactic fermentation produces energy quickly without oxygen but in smaller amounts.

• The oxidative system operates without oxygen and produces energy quickly.