Psych Unit 3: Weeks 3-5 Key Terms

1. A stage where moral reasoning is based on societal norms and the desire to maintain relationships and uphold laws.

• 1. Conventional moral reasoning

• 1. Preconventional moral reasoning

• 1. Postconventional moral reasoning

• 1. Nonconventional moral reasoning

1. A learning process where behaviors are modified through reinforcement (to increase behavior) or punishment (to decrease behavior).

• 1. Classical conditioning

• Counterconditioning

• 1. Operant conditioning

• 1. Nonclassical conditioning

1. A state where an individual commits to an identity without exploration, often based on the expectations of others.

• 1. Identity achievement

• 1. Identity foreclosure

• 1. Identity moratorium

• 1. Identity diffusion 

1. A problem-solving approach that involves finding a single, correct solution to a given problem.

• 1. Divergent thinking

• Metacognition

• 1. Convergent thinking

• 1. Deductive reasoning

1. Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement or apparent expression, often demonstrated when knowledge is later applied.

• Modeling

• 1. Classical conditioning

• 1. Operant conditioning

• 1. Latent learning

1. The observed rise in intelligence test scores over time across populations, suggesting improvements in education, nutrition, and social factors.

• 1. Latent learning effect

• 1. Modeling effect

• 1. Flynn effect

• 1. Observational effect

1. A logical process where conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises to reach a specific conclusion.

• 1. Deductive reasoning

• 1. Convergent thinking

• 1. Inductive reasoning

• 1. Divergent thinking

1. A state of exploration where an individual is actively searching for their identity but has not yet made commitments.

• 1. Identity achievement

• 1. Identity foreclosure

• 1. Identity moratorium

• 1. Identity diffusion

1. The addition of a stimulus following a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

• 1. Negative reinforcement

• Counterconditioning

• 1. Positive reinforcement

• Punishment

1. A stage of moral development where decisions are based on personal consequences, such as avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.

• 1. Preconventional moral reasoning

• 1. Conventional moral reasoning

• 1. Postconventional moral reasoning

• 1. Nonconventional moral reasoning