6.11 Mesopotamian Writing

What was the writing system developed by the Sumerians called?

• Hieroglyphics

• Cuneiform

• Alphabet

• Pictographs

Answer explanation

The writing system developed by the Sumerians is called Cuneiform. It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets and is one of the earliest forms of writing, distinct from hieroglyphics, alphabets, and pictographs.

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DOK Level 1: Recall

What tool did the Sumerians use to write on clay tablets?

• Pencil

• Stylus

• Pen

• Brush

Answer explanation

The Sumerians used a stylus, a pointed tool, to make wedge-shaped marks on wet clay tablets. This method was essential for their cuneiform writing system, distinguishing it from other writing tools like pencils or brushes.

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DOK Level 1: Recall

Which of the following best describes a pictograph?

• A symbol representing a sound

• A picture symbol representing an object

• A wedge-shaped symbol

• A written record of transactions

Answer explanation

A pictograph is best described as a picture symbol representing an object. It visually conveys information through images, making it distinct from symbols representing sounds or written records.

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DOK Level 1: Recall

How did cuneiform differ from earlier pictographic writing?

• It used only pictures

• It could represent syllables and parts of words

• It was written on paper

• It was used only for religious texts

Answer explanation

Cuneiform differed from earlier pictographic writing as it could represent syllables and parts of words, allowing for more complex expression compared to the use of simple pictures.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Why was becoming a scribe a way to move up in social class in Sumerian society?

• Scribes were paid more than farmers

• Scribes were highly respected and had specialized skills

• Scribes were allowed to own land

• Scribes were exempt from taxes

Answer explanation

Scribes were highly respected and had specialized skills, which allowed them to gain social status in Sumerian society. Their knowledge of writing and record-keeping set them apart from other professions, elevating their position.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Explain why the development of cuneiform was a significant cultural advance for the Sumerians.

• It allowed them to create art

• It enabled them to record and communicate complex ideas

• It helped them build stronger structures

• It improved their agricultural techniques

Answer explanation

The development of cuneiform was significant for the Sumerians as it enabled them to record and communicate complex ideas, facilitating administration, trade, and cultural expression, which were essential for their civilization's growth.

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Analyze how the ability to write might have affected trade in Sumerian society.

• It made trade more difficult

• It allowed for accurate record-keeping and contracts

• It reduced the need for trade

• It limited trade to local areas

Answer explanation

The ability to write in Sumerian society facilitated accurate record-keeping and the creation of contracts, which streamlined trade processes and enhanced trust between traders, ultimately promoting economic growth.

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

What might be a reason why cuneiform was initially used for business records?

• To create art

• To ensure accurate and reliable record-keeping

• To teach children how to write

• To decorate clay tablets

Answer explanation

Cuneiform was initially used for business records to ensure accurate and reliable record-keeping. This was essential for tracking transactions and managing resources in ancient economies.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Evaluate the impact of writing on the social structure of Sumerian society.

• It had no impact

• It allowed for the emergence of a new class of educated individuals

• It made everyone equal

• It decreased the power of the government

Answer explanation

Writing in Sumerian society facilitated record-keeping and administration, leading to the rise of a literate class of scribes and educated individuals, which significantly influenced social hierarchy and governance.

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Which famous story was written in cuneiform?

• The Epic of Gilgamesh

• Romeo and Juliet

• Canterbury Tales

• Gulliver's Travels

Answer explanation

The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature, written in cuneiform on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia, making it the correct answer. The other options were written in different languages and eras.