Mitochondria: The Powerhouses of Cells

Which of the following are components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

• All of the above

• Complex III

• Complex II

• Complex I

• Complex V

What percentage of mitochondrial proteins in humans are encoded by the nuclear genome?

• 99%

• 60%

• 40%

• 20%

Which metabolic pathway occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

• Glycolysis

• Citric Acid Cycle

• Fatty Acid b-Oxidation

• Urea Cycle

What is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by mitochondria?

• Only beneficial

• None of the above

• Both physiological and pathological signaling

• Only harmful

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of mitochondrial lipids?

• Mitochondria

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Golgi Apparatus

• Lysosome

What is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) associated with?

• Cellular respiration

• Lipid synthesis

• Apoptosis

• Protein synthesis

What role do mDAMPs (mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) play in organisms homeostasis?

• They trigger innate immune response.

• They are involved in mitochondrial DNA replication.

• They are harmful byproducts of mitochondrial function.

• They activate adaptive immunity.

Which protein is implicated in the release of mtDNA ?

• Gasdermin D (GSDMD)

• VDAC

• BAK/BAX

• All above

What is the proposed mechanism for aging related to mitochondrial dysfunction?

• Decreased energy production.

• Increased production of ROS.

• Increased mitochondrial biogenesis.

• Accumulation of mtDNA mutations.

What is the role of the mitochondrial TCA cycle (also known as tricarboxylic acid cycle, citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle)?

• It regulates mitochondrial DNA replication.

• It enhances protein synthesis.

• It provides coenzymes NADH and FADH₂ needed for energy production.

• It supplies metabolites for epigenetic modifications.