Molecular Diagnostics

What is the primary purpose of molecular and cellular diagnostics?

• To study the effects of environmental changes on ecosystems.

• To detect and analyze biological markers for disease diagnosis and treatment guidance.

• To develop new pharmaceuticals for market.

• To enhance physical fitness and overall health.

How do physical methods exploit the properties of macromolecules?

• Physical methods exploit macromolecules' size, shape, and interactions for separation and analysis.

• Physical methods are ineffective for analyzing macromolecules.

• Physical methods rely solely on chemical properties of macromolecules.

• Physical methods only consider the temperature of macromolecules.

What are the key physical properties that influence macromolecule behavior in solution?

• Molecular size, shape, charge, hydrophobicity, and solubility.

• Molecular weight, density, viscosity, and elasticity.

• Temperature, pressure, pH, and color.

• Concentration, molecular bonds, phase, and reactivity.

Define sedimentation in the context of molecular diagnostics.

• Sedimentation is the process of particles settling out of a solution, used in molecular diagnostics to separate and concentrate samples.

• Sedimentation is a technique for amplifying DNA sequences in diagnostics.

• Sedimentation refers to the use of centrifugation to mix solutions.

• Sedimentation is the process of heating samples to evaporate solvents.

What role does electrophoresis play in separating macromolecules?

• Electrophoresis enhances the color of macromolecules for better visibility.

• Electrophoresis separates macromolecules by size and charge through electric field-induced migration.

• Electrophoresis is used to heat macromolecules for faster reactions.

• Electrophoresis combines macromolecules into larger complexes for analysis.

Explain how mass spectrometry is used in molecular diagnostics.

• Mass spectrometry can only analyze solid samples, not liquids.

• Mass spectrometry is a technique used to measure temperature changes in chemical reactions.

• Mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify biomolecules for accurate disease diagnosis.

• Mass spectrometry is primarily used for imaging tissues in surgery.

What factors can affect the circular and rotational motion of macromolecules?

• Color of the macromolecule

• Presence of oxygen in the solvent

• Type of chemical bonds in the macromolecule

• Factors affecting circular and rotational motion of macromolecules include size and shape, solvent interactions, temperature, external forces, and molecular flexibility.

Describe the significance of genetic mutations in disease pathology.

• Genetic mutations have no impact on disease development.

• All genetic mutations are beneficial to health.

• Genetic mutations only affect physical traits, not diseases.

• Genetic mutations are significant in disease pathology as they can disrupt normal biological functions, leading to various diseases.

How can protein expressions be analyzed using physical methods?

• Using infrared spectroscopy

• Employing gas chromatography

• Protein expressions can be analyzed using mass spectrometry, Western blotting, electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and X-ray crystallography.

• Analyzing DNA sequences

What are some common applications of sedimentation, electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry in research?

• Common applications include protein purification (sedimentation), DNA/protein analysis (electrophoresis), and molecular identification/quantification (mass spectrometry).

• Chromatography for solvent separation

• Microscopy for cell imaging

• Cell culture techniques