ARTICLE-Ecologists Struggle to Get a Grip on ‘Keystone Species’

Who first described the concept of a 'keystone species'?

• Bob Paine

• Estella Leopold

• Anne Salomon

• James Estes

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What was the primary species used in Bob Paine's keystone species experiment?

• Sea otters

• Barnacles

• Pisaster sea star

• Mussels

What ecological concept did Paine's experiment challenge?

• Species diversity

• Bottom-up control

• Pyramidal network

• Top-down control

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Which species did James Estes study to demonstrate a keystone role similar to Paine's starfish?

• Sea urchins

• Kelp

• Sea otters

• Barnacles

What term did Bob Paine use to describe humans in one of his final papers?

• Ecosystem engineer

• Apex predator

• Hyperkeystone species

• Keystone species

What is the term used to describe the measurement of a species' influence on its ecosystem?

• Per capita interaction strength

• Ecological impact

• Species essentiality

• Keystone-ness

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What was the outcome of Paine's experiment after 10 years without starfish?

• Decline in algae

• Mussel monoculture

• Increased biodiversity

• Increase in barnacles

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What did the Hilo conference in 1994 aim to achieve?

• Identify new keystone species

• Develop a consensus definition of keystone species

• Promote conservation efforts

• Study intertidal communities

Which species did Anne Salomon demonstrate as a keystone in Alaska?

• Chiton mollusks

• Salmon

• Sea otters

• Sea stars

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What did Ishana Shukla's analysis reveal about the keystone species concept?

• It is only applicable to marine life

• It has expanded to include many species

• It is no longer relevant

• It is limited to predators

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