MCQs on Epidemiology

What is the primary goal of analytic epidemiology?

• To describe the health status of a population

• To investigate the causes and determinants of diseases

• To calculate morbidity rates

• To determine the burden of disease

What is the term for the natural course of a disease without intervention?

• Disease spectrum

• Natural history of disease

• Epidemiological transition

• Pathogenicity

Which of the following represents an "endemic" disease?

• A disease that occurs worldwide

• A disease confined to a specific population or region

• An unexpected increase in disease incidence

• A disease eradicated globally

What is the formula for crude death rate?

• (Number of deaths / Total population) × 1000

• (Number of deaths / Total population) × 100

• (Number of cases / Population at risk) × 1000

• (Number of deaths / Total population) × 100,000

If a screening test has low sensitivity, it means:

• Many false negatives are likely

• Many false positives are likely

• The test cannot detect true positives

• The test is very specific

A disease with a long duration and low incidence will have:

• Low prevalence

• High prevalence

• High incidence

• Equal prevalence and incidence

Which study design uses "odds ratio" as a measure of association?

• Cohort study

• Cross-sectional study

• Case-control study

• Randomized controlled trial

A nested case-control study is conducted within:

• A cross-sectional survey

• A case series

• A cohort study

• An ecological study

Which type of study observes participants without assigning exposures?

• Experimental study

• Cohort study

• Randomized controlled trial

• Interventional study

The Hawthorne effect occurs when:

• Study participants change their behavior because they know they are being observed

• Researchers unintentionally influence study outcomes

• Loss to follow-up skews results

• Participants do not understand the study objective