Critical Concepts & Data Analysis

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What is standard deviation?

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Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values. A low standard deviation means that the values tend to be close to the mean, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.

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How do you determine if a sample is biased?

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A sample is biased if it does not accurately represent the population from which it is drawn. For example, surveying only people leaving a bicycle repair store would likely result in a biased sample regarding opinions on bike paths.

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What is the mean?

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The mean is the average of a set of numbers, calculated by adding all the values together and dividing by the number of values.

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What is the median?

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The median is the middle value in a data set when the numbers are arranged in order. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.

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What is the mode?

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The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. A set of numbers may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all.

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What is the range of a data set?

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The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set. It gives a measure of how spread out the values are.

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What is an outlier?

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An outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations in a data set. Outliers can skew the results of statistical analyses.

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Which measure of central tendency is least affected by outliers?

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The median is the measure of central tendency that is least affected by outliers, as it is based on the middle value rather than all values.

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What is a fair sample?

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A fair sample is one that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn, allowing for unbiased conclusions.

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What is data collection?

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Data collection is the process of gathering information from various sources to analyze and draw conclusions.