lecture 21 part 2

Which of the following are major branch points in cellular metabolism?

• Glucose-6-phosphate, Pyruvate, Oxaloacetate, Acetyl-CoA

• Glucose, Fructose, Lactate, Citrate

• Ribose-5-phosphate, NADPH, ATP, ADP

• Fatty acids, Amino acids, Ketone bodies, Urea

What is the role of the cell in coordinating metabolic pathways?

• To isolate them based on cellular needs

• To coordinate them based on cellular needs

• To eliminate unnecessary pathways

• To enhance only glycolysis

Which pathway is involved in the conversion of glucose to ribose-5-phosphate?

• Glycolysis

• Citric acid cycle

• Pentose phosphate pathway

• Electron transport chain

What is the primary difference between neuronal signaling and endocrine signaling in terms of distance?

• Neuronal signaling occurs over a few centimeters, while endocrine signaling occurs over a few micrometers.

• Neuronal signaling occurs over a few micrometers, while endocrine signaling can occur over the entire body.

• Neuronal signaling occurs over the entire body, while endocrine signaling occurs over a few micrometers.

• Neuronal signaling and endocrine signaling both occur over the entire body.

How do hormones change cellular metabolism and cellular genetic programs?

• By altering the activity of preexisting enzymes and new gene expression.

• By directly entering the cell and altering DNA structure.

• By changing the cell membrane composition.

• By increasing the number of mitochondria in the cell.

What results in a more rapid response in cellular metabolism?

• Altering activity of preexisting enzymes.

• Relying on new gene expression.

• Increasing cell size.

• Changing the cell's pH level.

What is one of the primary functions of insulin in the body?

• Increases blood glucose levels

• Enhances glycogen breakdown

• Increases entry of glucose into muscle and adipose cells

• Decreases cAMP levels in muscle cells

Which hormone signals a "starved" state and increases blood glucose?

• Insulin

• Glucagon

• Epinephrine

• Adenylate cyclase

What is the role of epinephrine in muscle cells?

• Decreases glycogen synthesis

• Increases cAMP levels

• Reduces fatty acid synthesis

• Lowers blood glucose

What process does insulin undergo as a form of posttranslational modification?

• Proteolytic cleavage

• Phosphorylation

• Glycosylation

• Methylation