Read the following quote: "several states composing the the United States, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government, but that by compact under the style and title of a Constitution. The general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain, definite powers and certain definite powers that are reserved for each State itself...their own self-government." Which basic principle does this quote represent and the main function of the principle?

• Checks and Balances; the monitoring of one branch over the other branches.
• Federalism; the division of power between federal and state governments.
• Popular Sovereignty; the granting of governmental powers by the people.
• Separation of Powers; the distinction made among powers of different branches of government.

The Bill of Rights was adopted to address Anti-Federalist concerns about the US Constitution. One of the amendments from the Bill of Rights is in the following quote. "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." What was an Anti-Federalist concern about the US Constitution that was addressed by this amendment?

• The Constitution would reduce the power of the federal government.
• The Constitution failed to give powers to the executive branch.
• The Constitution failed to adequately protect the civil liberties of individuals.
• The Constitution would produce state courts that were more powerful than federal courts.

Which statement summarizes the original Federalist position on the Bill of Rights?

• Additional amendments were needed, given the lack of individual freedoms and liberties in the Constitution.
• Adopting the Bill of Rights would be too risky and cause the Constitution to not be ratified.
• The Bill of Rights should be adopted because national sovereignty is most important.
• No more amendments were needed, as the Constitution already had enough protections against excessive government.

Prior to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788, Federalists and Anti-Federalists debated how well the proposed constitution upheld the principles of government that would later become important in the Nullification Crisis in South Carolina. Based on their arguments during the ratification debate, which statement describes what the Anti-Federalists would have thought about the Force Bill?

• Anti-Federalist would have sided with South Carolina because they supported the principle of absolute power.
• Anti-Federalist would have sided with South Carolina because they opposed having and overly powerful federal government.

Who would have said this: "The Supremacy Clause places too much power in the national government."

• Federalist
• Anti-Federalist

Who would have said this: "The inclusion of the Bill of Rights is necessary to protect against government intrusion."

• Federalist
• Anti-Federalist

Which concept was at the center of the Anti-Federalist position as expressed in the "Anti-Federalist Papers?"

• standing army
• limited government
• checks and balances
• strong central government

Please read the quote below and answer the question. "The Congress shall have power....to make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution. in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Why did the Federalists want to include this clause in the Constitution?

• to protect the individual liberties of all citizens.
• to provide a guarantee of sovereignty to individual states.
• to allow the national government to efficiently run the country.
• to give more citizens more opportunities to select government officials.

Popular sovereignty is

• authority of the government is derived from the people.
• government can only exercise the powers granted to it.
• changing interpretations of the Constitution over time.
• power is divided between a central authority and constituent units.

The 9th amendment says "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." How did the 9th amendment address the concern of the Anti-Federalists?

• It ensured that only states could grant rights to citizens.
• It ensured that guaranteeing some rights would not lead to other rights being violated.
• It ensured the federal government would have more power than the states.
• It maintained the balance of power between the three branches of government.