What is a trophic cascade?

• A direct interaction between two species

• A type of mutualism

• A process where plants grow rapidly

• A powerful indirect interaction triggered by the removal of a top predator

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Which of the following describes an invasive species?

• A native species that thrives in its ecosystem

• A species that is extinct

• A species that is not native and causes harm

• A species that benefits from another without affecting it

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What is mutualism?

• A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

• A relationship where both species benefit

• A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

• A relationship where one organism kills another for food

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What is a keystone species?

• A species that is the largest in an ecosystem

• A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

• A species that is the most abundant in an ecosystem

• A species that is the fastest in an ecosystem

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What is primary succession?

• A succession that happens in aquatic environments

• A succession that occurs in a well-established ecosystem

• An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed

• A succession that occurs after a forest fire

Which of the following changes occurred when the wolf was introduced back into Yellowstone National Park? (Select all that apply)

• The elk population increased.

• The rivers stabilized.

• The amount of producers increased.

• The population of bears increased.

• The beavers returned.

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When wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park, the behavior of the deer population changed, leading to the regrowth of certain vegetation areas. This series of events demonstrates a trophic cascade. What is the primary reason for the vegetation regrowth in Yellowstone following the reintroduction of wolves?

• Wolves provided additional nutrients to the soil through their waste, which promoted vegetation growth.

• The deer population decreased due to predation by wolves, reducing overgrazing and allowing vegetation to recover.

• Wolves directly planted new vegetation as part of their territorial marking behaviors.

• The presence of wolves led to an increase in the number of plant species that deer do not eat, which outcompeted other vegetation.

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Sea Otters are known as ​ (a)   species because without them, the ecosystem falls apart. Sea otters are ​ (b)   that eat sea urchins. The sea urchins eat kelp. Many fish and other ocean animals need kelp forests to survive.

• keystone
• secondary consumers
• primary consumers
• trophic

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A ​ (a)   is casused by an animal at the top of the food chain and it affects every other organism. When an ​ (b)   is removed from a food chain it upsets the ​ (c)   of the whole ecosystem.

• trophic cascade
• apex predator
• balance

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in 1995 Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Which answer below most accurately describes a possible trophic cascade the could result from the reintroduction of wolves?

• wolves reintroduced-> deer population increased -> tree and vegetation cover decreased

• wolves reintroduced-> beaver population decreased -> tree and vegetation cover increased

• wolves reintroduced-> deer population decreased -> tree and vegetation cover increased -> beaver population increased

• wolves reintroduced-> deer population decreased -> beaver population decreased -> songbird population increased

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