Perceptions

What is the fundamental attribution error?

• The tendency to attribute others’ behavior to external factors while ignoring internal causes.

• The tendency to attribute others’ behavior to internal factors while ignoring external causes.

• The belief that external factors are the sole cause of all behaviors.

• The attribution of positive outcomes only to luck.

Which of the following best defines a stereotype?

• An overgeneralized belief about a group of people.

• A positive or negative attitude toward a person based on their group membership.

• A deliberate action taken to discriminate against a specific group.

• A subconscious bias that influences decision-making.

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when:

• An individual avoids taking action due to fear of failure.

• An individual accurately predicts the future based on facts.

• A person’s expectations about another lead to behaviors that cause those expectations to come true.

• People actively choose to ignore evidence contradicting their beliefs.

What is confirmation bias?

• The tendency to seek out information that supports preexisting beliefs.

• The tendency to believe a false statement if it is repeated often enough.

• The tendency to assume other people think and feel the same way you do.

• The tendency to attribute one’s success to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

• Assuming a group of people are inherently aggressive based on media portrayals.

• Explaining a coworker’s mistake as a result of their lack of intelligence instead of external circumstances.

• Only seeking out evidence to confirm your initial assumptions about a situation.

• Believing a student is lazy, which causes you to avoid engaging with them, leading to their poor performance.

When someone attributes their own failures to external factors and their successes to internal factors, this is an example of:

• Self-serving bias

• Stereotype threat

• Fundamental attribution error

• Confirmation bias

What are heuristics in decision-making?

• Complex formulas for solving problems.

• Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make quick judgments.

• Unconscious biases that influence perception.

• Logical processes for analyzing every possible outcome.

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

• Assuming a salesperson is honest based on their appearance.

• Believing air travel is unsafe after hearing about a plane crash on the news.

• Using statistical analysis to make a purchasing decision.

• Overlooking risks because you focus on a positive outcome.

The anchoring bias occurs when:

• People rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive.

• Individuals base decisions on an emotional reaction rather than logic.

• Decisions are influenced by a stereotype about a group.

• Past experiences are ignored in favor of new information.

What is selective attention?

• The ability to focus on all stimuli in the environment simultaneously.

• The tendency to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

• The unconscious bias that affects decision-making.

• The process of dividing attention equally among multiple tasks.