A 15-year-old male presents with confusion, headache, and seizures. His serum sodium is 120 mmol/L. He has a history of heart failure. What is the most appropriate initial management?

• Administer hypertonic saline immediately

• Restrict fluid intake

• Start loop diuretics

• Administer potassium supplementation

A patient presents with intense thirst and a serum sodium of 150 mmol/L. They are diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. What is the primary treatment goal?

• Rapid fluid correction

• Gradual correction with IV fluids

• Administration of loop diuretics

• Increase sodium intake

A patient on diuretic therapy presents with muscle weakness and a potassium level of 3.0 mmol/L. What is the best next step in management?

• Order a CT scan of the abdomen

• Stop diuretics and monitor

• Start oral potassium supplementation

• Administer calcium gluconate

A patient with chronic kidney disease has a potassium level of 6.5 mmol/L. An ECG shows peaked T waves. What is the first treatment?

• Sodium bicarbonate

• Intravenous calcium gluconate

• Loop diuretics

• Start dialysis immediately

A diabetic 7 year-old Male presents with confusion and deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul respiration). His arterial blood gas shows a pH of 7.1 and a bicarbonate level of 10 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?

• Respiratory acidosis

• Diabetic ketoacidosis

• Metabolic alkalosis

• Respiratory alkalosis

An infant with severe diarrhea has sunken eyes and reduced skin turgor. Which type of dehydration is most likely?

• Isotonic dehydration

• Hypotonic dehydration

• Hypertonic dehydration.

• Overhydration

A 10-year-old child with severe dehydration is in shock. What is the initial therapy?

• Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

• Intravenous isotonic fluids (20 mL/kg bolus)

• Intravenous potassium chloride

• Diuretics to reduce fluid overload

A female teenager presents with dizziness, tingling in her fingers, and hyperventilation due to anxiety. What is the most appropriate immediate management?

• Administer sodium bicarbonate

• Intubation and mechanical ventilation

• Instruct her to breathe into a paper bag

• Give intravenous fluids

Which of the following conditions would most likely require total parenteral nutrition (TPN)?

• Mild diarrhea

• Intestinal obstruction

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease

• Hypertension

What percentage of total body weight is water in neonates?

• 40%

• 50%

• 60%

• 75–80%