Psych 216 test 2

Who is considered the father of Operant Conditioning?

• Ivan Pavlov

• B.F. Skinner

• John Watson

• Edward Thorndike

What is the key concept of Operant Conditioning?

• Behavior is influenced by its consequences.

• Responses are conditioned automatically by stimuli

• All behavior is learned through imitation.

• Learning occurs through observation alone.

What does positive reinforcement involve?

• Introduction of an aversive stimulus

• Removal of a pleasant stimulus

• Introduction of a pleasant stimulus

• No effect on behavior

An example of positive reinforcement is:

• Giving a dog a treat for obeying a command

• Taking away a toy

• Scolding a child for misbehavior

• Ignoring a child's request for attention

Negative reinforcement is best defined as:

• Adding an unpleasant stimulus

• Removing an aversive stimulus

• Providing a reward after a behavior

• Punishing a bad behavior

In the context of Operant Conditioning, extinction refers to:

• The death of an organism

• The removal of all behaviors

• The reinforcement of negative behaviors

• The decrease of a previously reinforced behavior

Which schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement after every correct response?

• Variable-Ratio Schedule

• Fixed-Interval Schedule

• Continuous Reinforcement

• Partial Reinforcement

A student receives praise after answering a question correctly. This is an example of:

• Negative punishment

• Positive punishment

• Negative reinforcement

• Positive reinforcement

What is shaping in the context of Operant Conditioning?

• A method of punishment

• Gradually training a behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations

• A specific type of scheduling of reinforcement

• Observation of behavior only

In a fixed-ratio schedule, how is reinforcement determined?

• After a set amount of time

• After an unpredictable number of responses

• After every response

• After a specific number of responses