Exploring Newtonian Mechanics

What are Newton's three laws of motion?

• An object in motion will eventually come to a stop without any external force.

• Force equals velocity divided by time.

• For every action, there is a greater reaction in the same direction.

• 1. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force. 2. F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration). 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Explain the concept of conservation of linear momentum.

• Momentum can be created from nothing.

• In a closed system, the total linear momentum is conserved.

• In an open system, momentum is always conserved.

• Linear momentum is only conserved in elastic collisions.

How does the work-energy theorem relate work to kinetic energy?

• Work can only be done on stationary objects.

• Kinetic energy is always constant regardless of work.

• The work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.

• Work is independent of kinetic energy.

Define the center of mass and its significance in mechanics.

• The center of mass is irrelevant in analyzing the motion of rigid bodies.

• The center of mass is the point where the heaviest part of an object is located.

• The center of mass is the point where mass is evenly distributed, significant for simplifying motion analysis in mechanics.

• The center of mass is always at the geometric center of an object regardless of mass distribution.

What is a Galilean transformation and when is it used?

• A Galilean transformation relates the speed of light in different mediums.

• A Galilean transformation relates the coordinates of an event in two inertial frames moving at constant velocity.

• A Galilean transformation is applicable only in relativistic physics.

• A Galilean transformation is used to describe non-inertial frames of reference.

Differentiate between inertial and non-inertial frames of reference.

• Inertial frames are always accelerating; non-inertial frames are stationary.

• Inertial frames are at rest or moving uniformly; non-inertial frames are accelerating and involve fictitious forces.

• Inertial frames involve gravitational forces; non-inertial frames do not.

• Non-inertial frames are only found in outer space; inertial frames are on Earth.

What are centrifugal and Coriolis forces, and how do they arise?

• Centrifugal force is an outward apparent force in circular motion, while Coriolis force causes deviation in motion within a rotating frame.

• Centrifugal force pulls objects inward in circular motion.

• Centrifugal force is only relevant in linear motion.

• Coriolis force is a gravitational force acting on stationary objects.

How do laboratory coordinates differ from other coordinate systems?

• Laboratory coordinates are defined in a specific reference frame for spatial measurements, often using Cartesian coordinates, and may be adjusted for experimental setups.

• Laboratory coordinates do not require any reference frame.

• Laboratory coordinates are always spherical in nature.

• Laboratory coordinates are used exclusively in astronomy.

State the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

• The total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external torques act on it.

• Angular momentum can be created or destroyed in a closed system.

• The angular momentum of an object is always zero.

• External torques increase the total angular momentum of a system.

What is the effect of a non-inertial frame on the motion of objects?

• Non-inertial frames have no effect on object motion.

• Non-inertial frames introduce fictitious forces that alter the motion of objects.

• Non-inertial frames only affect stationary objects.

• Objects move faster in non-inertial frames without any forces.