Origin of Cells

Which statement provides evidence for endosymbiosis?

• A. Early prokaryotes contributed to a large increase in oxygen in the atmosphere.

• B. Eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA.

• C. Certain groups of ancient prokaryotes developed mechanisms to carry out aerobic respiration.

• D. Experiments by Miller and Urey produced simple organic molecules in abiotic conditions.

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In a copy of Louis Pasteur’s famous experiment, broth was put into flasks as shown in the diagrams.

What results would be expected with no spontaneous generation of life?

• A. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flask W.

• B. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W and X.

• C. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W, X and Y.

• D. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W, X and Z.

Pasteur carried out a series of experiments that provided strong evidence against a widely supported theory. What was this theory?

• A. Endosymbiosis

• B. Spontaneous generation

• C. Conservative replication of DNA

• D. Evolution

What is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

• A. RNA can catalyse metabolic reactions.

• B. Meteorites contain organic molecules.

• C. Amino acids can be synthesized from inorganic compounds.

• D. Mitochondria possess their own DNA.

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The statement relates to Pasteur’s experiments.

What did this statement suggest?

• A. Mold evolved by endosymbiosis.

• B. Oxygen is required for anaerobic respiration.

• C. Cells can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells.

• D. Nutrients are a requirement for mold growth.

The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 was designed to test the hypothesis that lightning supplied the energy needed to turn atmospheric gases into organic molecules such as amino acids. Which of the following describes why the Miller-Urey theory is widely accepted today?

• Amino acids spontaneously form from molecules in the atmosphere today.

• Organic molecules are present today in extremely high concentrations.

• The process of synthesizing organic molecules from a mixture of gases has been successfully modeled in the laboratory.

• No other alternative hypotheses have been introduced.

The diagram below shows a proposed theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, called endosymbiosis.

Which of the following explains why cells that contained mitochondria-like organelles had an evolutionary advantage?

• They were able to photosynthesize

• They had more DNA

• They were able to make more use of available energy

• They were immune to bacterial invasion.

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The theory of Endosymbiosis explains...

• The origin of eukaryotes
• How species develop
• How bacteria evolved
• Why cells rely on one another

This experiment was conducted by the scientists:

• Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
• Harold Urey and Albert Einstein
• Louis Pasteur and Francesco Redi
• James Watson and Francis Crick

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What did electrical sparks in Miller and Urey's experiment mimic?

• The Sun's energy

• Lightning

• Volcanic eruptions

• Cosmic radiation

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