Biology EOC Review: DNA to Proteins

Which best summarizes the role of DNA in the production of proteins?

• DNA moves to the cytoplasm to build proteins

• DNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins

• DNA contains the instructions used to make proteins

• DNA breaks hydrogen bonds between amino acids

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These diagrams show a variety of cells from the same organism. How can cells from the same organism have such different shapes and functions?

• As each cell differentiates, the DNA changes so that each type of cell has different DNA once it reaches maturity.

• Mutations in the cells' nuclei lead to new combinations of DNA, resulting in different shapes and functions in the different types of cells.

• During differentiation, different parts of the DNA in each type of cell are activated, resulting in the different structure and function of the cells.

• During differentiation, different types of cells produce proteins which destroy the nonactive DNA, leading to cell specialization.

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Which effect could a mutation in mRNA have on the production of proteins?

• The protein produced will have a different identity.

• The protein produced will have a coiled shape.

• The protein produced will produce excess nitrogen.

• The protein produced will produce excess water.

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What carries the instructions for making amino acids in a protein?

• the nitrogen base on the tRNA

• the hydrogen bonding between nitrogen bases

• the sequence of nitrogen bases on the mRNA

• the nitrogen base bonding on the DNA molecule

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RNA goes to the ribosome where it is used as a guide to attach amino acids together. Amino acids in a chain is a protein

• This is Transcription.

• This is Translation.

Match the following processes with their products

• DNA

• replication

• mRNA

• translation

• protein

• transcription

​ (a)   : forms part of ribosomes, cell's protein factories

​ ​ (b)   : brings amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make growing proteins.

​ (c)   : intermediate message that is translated to form a protein

• rRNA

• tRNA

• mRNA

SC.912.L.18.1 Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?

• Nucleic acids are used as the building blocks of proteins, while enzymes are used as the building blocks of phospholipids.

• Nucleic acids inhibit biochemical reactions, while enzymes provide structural support in cells.

• Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

• Nucleic acids transmit signals that begin biochemical processes, while enzymes convert carbohydrates into lipids and proteins.

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During transcription the DNA base sequence is transcribed into a complimentary mRNA sequence. A codon table like the one shown below lists the amino acids coded for by particular triads of mRNA bases. A segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which one nucleotide has been changed. The original sequence was ACG and the new sequence is ACA. Use the codon table to determine whether or not this mutation will cause a change in the phenotype of the organism.

• yes, the phenotype of the organism would change because a new amino acid will be coded for

• yes, the phenotype of the organism would change because any change in the DNA sequence will cause a change in phenotype.

• Even though the DNA sequence changed, the sequence still codes for the same amino acid, so no change in phenotype will occur

• It is impossible to determine if a change in phenotype will occur using only the DNA sequence.

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SC.912.L.16.3 Why do cells need both tRNA and mRNA?

• Only mRNA can be used to repair mistakes in the DNA sequence.

• Only tRNA bends into a shape that can carry specific amino acids

• The tRNA in used on the ribosomes and the mRNA is used in the nucleus

• The mRNA brings information to the nucleus for the tRNA to use.