The energy pyramid below shows the energy made available by producers.

Based on the energy flow between trophic levels in an energy pyramid, how much energy would be expected to be found at the secondary consumer level in this pyramid?

• 100 Joules

• 500 Joules

• 1,000 Joules

• 50 Joules

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NGSS.MS-LS2-3

Which statement provides the best explanation for the difference in biomass of organisms found at each trophic level?

• Organisms at higher trophic level have less energy available to them than organism at lower trophic levels.

• Organisms at higher trophic levels require smaller habitats that organisms at lower trophic levels.

• Organisms at lower trophic levels provide less energy than organisms at higher trophic levels.

• Organisms at lower trophic levels outcompete organisms at higher trophic levels.

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NGSS.MS-LS2-3

A remora is a fish that has an adhesive disk on the back of its head that it uses to attach to a large shark. When food floats away from the shark's mouth as it feeds. Drawings of a shark with a remora attached and a remora's adhesive disk are shown. The relationship of the remora and the shark is........

• Predation

• Parasitism

• Commensalism

• Competition

Which statement is an example of how carbon moves through a food chain as part of the carbon cycle?

•  Producers release carbon dioxide, and consumers take it in. 

• Producers take in carbon dioxide, and consumers release it.

• Producers take in carbon from the soil, and they release it when they decompose.

• Producers release carbon into the soil, and consumers take it in from the soil.

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NGSS.MS-LS2-3

The giant octopus lays 20,000 to 100,000 fertilized eggs. After hatching, most octopuses become prey to larger marine organisms, and less than 5% will reach adulthood to reproduce. One benefit of the giant octopus laying many eggs is to — 

•  increase the average body size for surviving individuals to avoid predation 

• decrease competition between different octopus species to maintain resources in the population

•  increase the chance that more individuals will survive to maintain the population

• decrease the likelihood of offspring being consumed by predators

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NGSS.MS-LS2-4

The San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana, is a light reddish-brown translucent salamander about 2–5 cm in length. E. nana is found only in Spring Lake and a portion of the San Marcos River.

Which human activity would most likely decrease the ability of the salamanders to survive?

• Increasing water consumption that decreases the flow of clean water from the springs that

  feed the river

• Public transportation that reduces the number of automobiles that contribute to pollution

  runoff into the river

• Tourism that helps fund the educational programs related to river ecosystem conservation

• The addition of a new food source into the river that limits competition for resources

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-4

NGSS.MS-LS2-1

NGSS.MS-LS2-4

NGSS.MS-LS2-5

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NGSS.MS-LS2-2

In a Central Texas grassland, the producers incorporate 12,000 kJ of energy from the sun into their tissues. About how much energy would be incorporated into the tissues of herbivores?

• 12,000 kJ

• 1,200 kJ

• 10,800 kJ

• 1,080 kJ

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NGSS.MS-LS1-6

NGSS.MS-LS2-3

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NGSS.MS-LS2-3

After a wheat field is cleared, wild grasses and weeds begin growing. This process is considered —

• primary succession because pioneer species appear 

• primary succession because there are no large trees

• secondary succession because soil is already present

• secondary succession because the field contains inorganic matter

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NGSS.MS-LS2-4